JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Essay

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Since the dawn of human existence evolution in all sectors of society has occurred due to Economic factors. This has mainly happened due to the fact that all technological achievements have occurred in favor of money. Specifically we can admit that Economy is the main reason for growth and development. By these means it is in our interest to establish strong economies either as societies (macroeconomics) or as individuals (microeconomics). For these reasons several techniques and methods have been initiated in order help modern individuals to develop. Such techniques are usually Accounting or†¦show more content†¦By these means the company is never overstocked and that has as an affect that the company will never have a liquidity problem since assets as stock of goods are smaller and cash is bigger. Another reason for this to happen is the fact that Just in time manufacturing is a philosophy of eliminating non value added activities and increasing product quality throughout the manufacturing process (Meigs, Bettner, p. 804). But how can we control if our Just in time manufacturing system is efficient? The answer to that is given by Meigs and Bettner : A widely used measure of efficiency in a Just in time system is the Manufacturing Efficiency ratio (p. 805). This ratio is given by the Value Added Activities time over the Cycle time. The cycle time is the time of processing, storing, moving and inspecting that is spent on the material before their usage. If the ratio is equal to one then we have the perfect Manufacturing efficiency ratio. This means that the smaller the number the less efficient is our Just in Time manufacturing method and the larger are the Value added activities. Finally we can conclude that if we perform the Just inShow MoreRelated JIT manufacturing and inventory control system Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesJIT Just-in-time production is considered to be on the leading edge of technological advancement. With improvements in the virtually every industry, maintaining an effective production line while minimizing inventory costs is a very feasible option. Just-in-time systems are designed to keep inventory costs at a minimum, unlike the ways of old, with large warehouses loaded with back inventory. With technology allowing instantaneous communication around the world, production lines and stores doRead MoreNotes On Jit Inventory Systems Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced during the 1950s and 1960s that has the characteristics of a pull system, meaning required inventory is only produced or used when demand is â€Å"pulling† to do so. After the inventory is used up, only what is needed to replace what has been used is manufactured. Because goods are only produced to keep up with demand, there is minimal inventory which can cause a reduction in overhead and an increase in respon siveness. JIT systems are based on the pull concept rather than the push concept, where productsRead MoreJit And Its Effect On The Manufacturing Industry1081 Words   |  5 Pages Just-In-Time (JIT), will be examined. The historical background of JIT and its impact on the manufacturing industry will also be discussed. An important highlight of this paper will be the discussion of push versus pull and how it relates to JIT. Lean manufacturing and its relation to JIT will also be addressed. Finally, the relationship between JIT and a Kanban manufacturing system will be highlighted. Information from scholarly research will be utilized to determine whether JIT can be implementedRead MoreAlternative Terms For Jit Manufacturing Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesJust-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, also known as just-in-time production or the Toyota production system (TPS), is a methodology aimed primarily at reducing flow times within production system as well as response times from supplier s and to customers. Following its origin and development in Japan, largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota.[1][2] Alternative terms for JIT manufacturing have been used. Motorola s choice was short-cycle manufacturing (SCM).[3][4] IBM s was continuous-flowRead MoreA Brief Note On Jit And Its Effect On How Business Is A World Leader Of Development And Production849 Words   |  4 PagesEvery company, firm, or organization has a need to know and understand how to plan for production and the inventory needed to sustain it. During the reconstruction following World War Two an atmosphere was present that enabled pioneering minds just as Deming to institute several industrial theories into practice. Having embraced the concepts whole heartedly, these theories enabled post war Japan to become a world leader in development and production. According to Evans Lindsay (2010), theseRead MoreJit : An Inventory Strategy1177 Words   |  5 PagesDEFINITION of Just In Time - JIT An inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method requires that producers are able to accurately forecast demand. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS Just In Time - JIT A good example would be a car manufacturer that operates with very low inventory levels, relying on their supply chain to deliver the parts they need to buildRead MoreThe Human Nature Of Human Beings1105 Words   |  5 Pagescreation in manufacturing industries has been the just-in-time theory, which is a production system responsible to identify problems in the value chain and to work and analyze these problems to reduce the waste with overproduction, delays in the production schedule and increasing the production (Cheng, 1996). There are a quite number of benefits of employing just in time in a production line that influence at the goods` final quality, time and the company’s profit. Employing just-in-time (JIT) in industriesRead MoreA Comparison For Variable Cost And Absorption Costing990 Words   |  4 Pagescosting using Sales: 60,000 units Production: 80,000 units Ending Inventory: 20,000 units Based on these analyses I have made several recommendations along with pros and cons to aid in the decision-making process. I recommend that we use absorption costing over variable costing. Absorption costing is a method where â€Å"†¦fixed manufacturing costs are inventoriable costs† (Datar, et al, 2009). That is, inventory â€Å"absorbs† all manufacturing costs. In the absorption metho there does not need to be a distinctionRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1359 Words   |  6 PagesERP systems bring together all aspects of operations and supply chain management, from raw materials to customer relationship management (CRM). Electronics retailer Best Buy found that the use of demand management tools increased price optimization, which in turn increased inventory turns by 50% (Blanchard, 2010). Other tools, like benchmarking, are also immensely valuable as automobile manufacturer Hyundai discovered. The company found that fill rate, the percentage of customer demand satisfiedRead MoreJust in Time1644 Words   |  7 Pagesan analysis and evaluation of the Just-In-Tim e system, the advantages and disadvantages of the system and how it would benefit AG Z. The Just-In-Time (JIT) system is a process where goods are ordered as required, as opposed to the currently used batch processing system where goods are made in bulk and stored in warehouses until sold. The Just-In-Time system was initially developed to not only cut down the amount of waste produced by other systems, which was seen as incurring unnecessary costs

Biology1 Essay Example For Students

Biology1 Essay The peregrine is the worlds fastest bird; it can reach over 200 miles as it dives from tall cliffs onto smaller birds (1). It circles high searching for prey and when a smaller bird like a pigeon takes off it plummets to the earth and kills it with razor sharp talons. The Peregrines identifying characteristics include its large size, long pointed wings and dark mustache set against white cheeks (11). The female has a wingspan of about 4 feet and often weights more than two pounds as compared to the smaller males the generally only weight in at one pound (11). It was found from the subarctic boreal forests of Alaska and Canada all the way south to Mexico (1). It was called the worlds most successful flying bird largely as a result of its unsurpassed flight characteristics and unusually stable, near-global population. Peregrines could once be found on every continent except Antarctica (2). Besides man the Peregrines only natural predator is the great horned owl which often raids the Pe regrines nest (11). The peregrine has recovered remarkably well. It is now found throughout North America and is breeding in the wild. There are 1,593 breeding pairs of Peregrines in North America, up from 324 in 1975 and well past the initial repopulation goal of 631 pairs (3). Their repopulation was aided by their integration into manmade environments. Peregrines have adapted remarkably well to the city environment. Often they make nests on the ledges of sky scrappers where they are able to dive down onto the unsuspecting pigeons that cloud the city air. They will return to the same ledge year after year. Over 50 pairs of Peregrines winter in L.A. (4). DDT was a very effective and stable pesticide that was sprayed over large sections of swampland in order to combat mosquito populations. Because of its stability it was concentrated as it moved up the food chain. It kills mosquitoes and other small insects that are then eaten by fish which in turn are eaten by birds of prey. When DD T is introduced into the environment it produces DDE, which accumulates in eggshells causing them to break in the nest (2). The Environmental Protection Agency banned the pesticide in 1972. One of the major driving forces behind the banning of DDT was the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, who was a former U.S. Fish and Wildlife employee (3). Peregrines are often brought into shelters after being wounded by hunters. In past years they were killed because they feed off of game birds such as quail. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act states that it is illegal to trap, kill, or otherwise disturb the Peregrine and its nests. DDT and its effects decimated a once healthy peregrine falcon population. Populations in the western states dropped more than 90% (3). In 1970 there were only two pairs in all of California, down from an estimated 300 in 1960 (2). The population was helped along the road to recovery by the banning of DDT. Despite this action large amounts of the chemical lingered in the environment for years to come. The peregrine was put on the endangered species list in 1973(2). This is one of the reasons for its rapid increase. There was a massive captive breeding effort and over 6,200 pairs were released into the wild (4). Mostly volunteers and zoos hand raised these falcons. This breeding effort was instrumental in repopul ating the Peregrine to the wild. One problem with a captive breeding program is the possibility of a founding effect and population bottleneck. Also many non-innate behaviors, normally taught by the parents, captive hatchlings do not know. Often times eggs from captive breed birds would be placed in wild Peregrine nests. The success of the Peregrine has become an important symbol for the Endangered Species List and the US Fish and Wildlife. Its success means that it is possible to repopulate a species into the wild.Controversy still surrounds the Peregrine even in the midst of its amazing rebound. The numbers of Peregrine pairs in the wild are much higher than the original goals of the repopulation programs. As mentioned earlier, in 1970 there were only 2 peregrine pairs left in California, in 1997 there were 125 pairs (2). As a result of the overall increase in Peregrine population, on August 25, 1999 it was taken off the endangered species list (1). This move was harshly criticize d by some of the scientists who were instrumental in the falcons return to the wild. Even though the population has increased dramatically, little has been done to protect the habitat of the birds and the loss of genetic variability remains a major concern. The large increase in peregrine population is largely the result of captive birds being released and as a result it is believed that there may be a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic variability. For the most part the Peregrines population has expanded, but the genetic variability of the species remains undetermined. For the most part however, the Peregrine still stands as one of the few successful attempts to reverse the consequences of mans interference in the natural cycle of life. .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .postImageUrl , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:visited , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:active { border:0!important; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:active , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hemingways A Farewell To Arms EssayBibliography:

Institutionalizing Public Relations in China †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Institutionalizing Public Relations in China A Sociological Analysis of the CPPC. Answer: Public relations has always been conceived as a strategic management tool. However, organizations practice public relations for socio-political reasons as well. A good example is the presidential press conferences in the US, which have been practiced since the 1930s. In 1993 the Chinese government also started holding press conferences with the aim of benefiting the government. Institutionalization is a process of construction based on some logic of collective action. Once public relations is institutionalized, it becomes a regular social pattern. Institutionalized actions can be exterior or objective. Firms must conform to external environmental pressures like social values, norms, and beliefs to maintain a good public image. Legitimization, institutionalization and public relations are closely related. As a firm involves in legitimate actions, it builds a good public image. If these actions are habitualized, institutionalization is ignited. Legitimacy and authority rely on three principles- traditional, legal-rational and charismatic. Institutionalization of PR under Legal-rational system helps in creating a good organizational image. The traditional approach deals with the long-term effects of institutionalization while charismatic approach depends on a particular person with charisma. Taiwes in 1984 divided the charismatic leadership style of the Communist Party of China into revolutionary, performance-based, nationalist and synthetic. Performance-based principle stresses on goal achievement, while revolutionary and synthetic are based on the personalities of the leader. In China, it was learnt that relying only on Performance-based source of legitimacy was inconvenient, with growth of nationalism and soft power. Therefore, combining utilitarianism and performance-based approaches would provide an active form of legitimacy. China has also strived to improve its legitimacy by using legal-rational factors like the direct election systems and retirement system established by Politburo. In evaluating Institutionalization in socio-political activities, three elements are vital; impact on behavior, the existence of stability over time and structural features. In the case study, both qualitative analysis through evaluation of extensive historical sources, in-depth interviews and official documents and quantitative analysis through the study of the texts of CPPCs from 1993 to 2011were conducted. The study showed that after the 1980s more political conferences were held to showcase governments accountability to the people. In 1983 a spokesman mechanism was established in Chinas central government. The NPC and CPPCC also developed their new spokesmen in the same year. The process of institutionalizing the CPPC has two sets of structural relations- those between NPCSC and other government administrative organs and the communist party, and those within the NPCSC itself. The Presidential conference in the US and the CPPC have similar formats. They both start with Presidential speech and then a question and answer session. In the US, formal and informal press conferences can be held in various locations at specified times. On the other hand arrangements for CPPC are done in advance, and there is pre-submission of questions. The opportunities to ask questions in the CPPC are very limited as compared to the US. The people who get opportunities to ask questions and the questions they ask are dictated by those in administrative departments. These restrictions show how the Chinese government has rationalized its legitimacy in institutionalizing public relations.

Discover the Most Important Research Paper Topics

Discover the Most Important Research Paper TopicsWriting a good English Comp? Choosing topics that matter for research is more than choosing words with certain meanings; it also means choosing those that will be the most interesting and newsworthy.The biggest mistake most students make is that they don't include any of the news in their papers. For example, if they write about a recent earthquake in Tibet, they are not only not doing their students any favors, but they are also doing themselves a disservice. Rather than writing about a news story that is obviously very relevant to their paper, they should select a topic that will interest them.One of the best ways to learn about new research paper topics is to read other research papers. Once you learn how each topic is used, you can find out if the topic is newsworthy or not. Some topics may have just been published in the media and therefore is becoming less newsworthy. However, some topics will have been in the media for a while, which means that the story was already controversial and therefore newsworthy.If you want to succeed at English composition, you need to be able to read carefully. You must understand what others are saying in your writing, because what someone says is almost as important as what they write. Also, they are the ones who are listening and reading your papers. If you can read carefully, you will also be able to listen carefully and understand their point of view about their topic.While you are developing your skills in English composition, you should also be taking part in the latest in the research. If you are an aspiring researcher, you need to know what is happening around the world so that you can write well. However, if you don't know what is going on in the world, then you will not be able to write a good research paper.Many of the newsworthy stories will be written in various languages. So it is important that you take the time to learn the different languages so that you can ef fectively write about the subject. Knowing different languages will give you the advantage of having the ability to discuss the subject in the language that you are speaking.Newspapers are constantly publishing stories about newsworthy subjects. That is why the information that they report can be both newsworthy. Even though they are newsworthy, if you don't understand the meaning of the news, you will not be able to write a good research paper.This is why you need to take the time to learn all about English and its language in order to be successful in English composition. It is important that you not only learn English, but learn how to read, write, and understand the language before you begin writing.

How to Use Prompt College Essay Help

How to Use Prompt College Essay HelpYou may not know this, but most colleges and universities offer a number of different prompt college essay help programs to assist their students in their writing. This is especially true for students that may be struggling with the subject matter. Some of these programs are available to students during their first semester, while others are available to students after their first year of college.A prompt college essay help program is a college or university supported initiative that provides students with guidelines, tips, and advice on how to make their essays more effective. Most colleges and universities have a long standing tradition of helping their students prepare for their college essays. They usually make this available to their students in the form of an essay-help program, which usually consist of various other activities and services, but the main one being essay help.These programs are designed to help students improve their college e ssays by helping them learn how to structure their essay the right way. Generally the programs focus on helping students with the research needed to adequately write their college essays. They also provide in depth study material, a variety of resources for various types of essay topics, help with research techniques, as well as a list of sample college essays.The materials and services provided by prompt college essay help programs are making available to students through several different means. Usually the programs give students a very large selection of resources to use for writing their college essays. There are also many different resources that are designed to help students overcome specific obstacles that they face when writing their college essays.This can include both studying at various sources, and research that are done on their own. Many students find that they do better with these programs when they begin working on their college essays as soon as possible.Students wh o enter a prompt college essay help programs on a part-time basis are usually able to benefit the most from these programs. The programs will give these students a number of different prompts and writing techniques to help them achieve success in the topic areas covered in their college essays. Most of these programs will usually also work to provide students with additional work sheets, practice questions, and other materials that they may need for their college essays.These programs are designed to help students accomplish their goals of learning how to properly write their college essays. Sometimes the programs give hints, which are a part of the prompt college essay help program, which can sometimes help students with their writing.These prompt college essay help programs provide some great help for the students in the form of resources and instructions to help them get started in the process of writing their college essays. It is really up to the students to use these programs as a guide, or as a review to learn more about the outline that is required for your college essay.

Minority and Women Entrepreneurs

Introduction In the bid to enhance collective growth for all industries by encouraging the development of entrepreneurship culture, governments develop policies that ensure equitable access and evaluation of contract bids that are placed by different firms irrespective of their size or ownership.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Minority and Women Entrepreneurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main criterion for selection of the firm or business enterprise that wins federal government contract in the US principally rests on the capacity of the firm or enterprise to deliver on the scope of a given contract as postulated in the terms and conditions of a contract. The United States government leads across the globe in terms of purchasing of various goods and services. According to American Express (2010), it spends an average of 500 billion US dollars annually. 23-percent (US $115) of contracts for suppl y of the goods and services are allocated to small firms. This observation suggests that federal contracting encompasses an essential avenue that is utilizable by small firms to grow. Five percent of the total US government’s spending is on small firms owned by minority and women. This makes these two groups of people important for consideration in the discussion of challenges and opportunities in the US federal procurement. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether minority-owned and women-owned small businesses work harder than their peers do to get the same amount of contracts. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section discusses equality in terms of the effort of minority-owned and women–owned small businesses to successfully bid for a contract from federal governments. The second section discusses how minority-owned business strategies differ from the strategies for majority owners. The third section reflects on these differences to exami ne whether minority-owned and women-owned firms and enterprises that engage in federal contracting encounter more hardships, hence requiring working harder in successful contracting. Equality in Success for Minority-owned and Women-owned Business The 2008-2009 global financial crisis produced negative impacts in the employment sector in the US. Estimations for employment forecasts conducted by Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2009) indicated that the global recession led to the loss of about 25 million jobs.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Failure of economic recovery to pick momentum made unemployment rise to 57 million (Ernst Young, 2011). This situation revealed the significance of creating more employment through small businesses as part of the US government’s agenda to prevent and manage higher unemployment rates as the economy struggled to recover from the crisis. In the context of the minority-owned businesses and women-owned businesses, the two have an incredible share for the provision of employment in the US. In 2007, women owned 7.8 million small businesses, which accounted for 30 percent of all small businesses (Blank, 2010). The businesses reported sales and/or receipts of US$ 1.2 trillion. Those with paid workers employed 7.6 million people in total (Blank, 2010). According to American Express (2010), about 65 percent of small businesses engaged in federal contracting and secured their first contract, reporting sales of over $ 1 million each. This figure includes 63 percent of all prime small business contractors owned by women and 63 percent of prime small business contractors owned by people of color (American Express, 2010). Organizations such as a division of minority and women’s business development (DMWBD) are established in response to the challenge of enhancing the capacity of the women-owned and the mi nority-owned small businesses to offer solutions to the challenge of unemployment. The organization aims at promoting â€Å"equality of economic opportunities for MWBEs and to eliminate barriers to their participation in state contracts† (DMWBD, 2013, Para. 1). This suggests that DMWBD fosters fair allocation of contracts to women-owned and minority -owned small businesses. Amid this effort, equality in the success for minority-owned and women-owned businesses requires working harder to secure the first contract. Minority and women-owned small businesses acquire equal achievements in business growth, which is driven by procurement market place variables that come at equal levels to that of their peers after securing their first contract. American Express (2010, p. 2) supports this affirmation by asserting â€Å"once they become active prime contractors, women and minority-owned small businesses match the average small business contractors both in terms of business size and w ith respect to the total value for federal contracts†. However, the research organization partly agrees and partly disagrees with this assertion. It posits that even though minority and women contractors have acquired similar levels of contracting in comparison with their peers, persons of color (who also constitute the minority) who win their first contract have to pay an extra price. Small businesses owned by people of color invest 35 percent more in comparison with an average minority business to seek a contract with the federal government (American Express, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Minority and Women Entrepreneurs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistical evidence indicates that small businesses owned by men dominate in federal contracting. For instance, American Express (2010) confirms that even though small businesses owned by women and engaging in contracting for supply of goods and services to federal agencies are successful, they have not attained similar levels of success compared to men-owned small businesses. This observation is evidenced by 42 percent of women who are actively engaged in federal contracting reporting $1 million in sales compared to 47 percent small businesses owned by men reporting equal amounts of sales (American Express, 2010). This inequality creates the necessity for investigating the differences between small businesses owned by women and minority groups compared with their peers in a bid to establish the points of disparity or parity in awarding of federal contracts in the US. Differences between Women and Minority-owned and Majority-owned Businesses Data derived from the US Census Bureau in 2009 depicted a close relationship between small business populations’ racial and gender characteristic. According to the data, women represented 28 percent of all active contractors. This figure corresponded to 28 percent in th eir total share for population of people engaged in small business prime contracting or subcontracting with federal governments (American Express, 2010). From the context of minority groups, the data from the same organization showed that persons of color accounted for 24 percent of all active small business contractors against their population of 20 percent in the small businesses’ overall population. This data indicated that small business owners have equal opportunities of winning a federal contract irrespective of gender or racial demographic characteristics. However, considering the characteristics of the population of those who have applied for federal contract without success, inequalities in successful federal contracting are evident. Data from the US Census Bureau in 2009 shows that about half (48 percent) of the business population that applied for contract with the federal agencies without winning a prime contract (non-contractors) were minority-owned small busines ses while 39 percent were owned by women (American Express, 2010). This finding shows that minority and women-owned small businesses constitute the largest proportion of small businesses seeking to secure the first contract with federal agencies. A skeptical explanation for this difference may require claiming out that more minority and women-owned small businesses seek opportunities in contracting with Federal agencies.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, while noting that 10% of the federal agencies’ contracts are reserved for women and minority-owned business, higher inequalities in winning contract among these two groups of small business under normal market dynamics would even be higher. This assertion invalidates a claim that setting 10% stake in contracting for women and minority-owned business (each 5%) encourages more minority and women-owned businesses to seek contracting opportunities with federal states so that they constitute the highest population for non-contractors in comparison with their peers. Ernst and Young (2011) contend there are inequalities between small businesses owned by women and those owned by men. The organization reckons that by 2011, women-owned businesses’ revenues accounted for only 9 percent of the total US economy in comparisons with the 36 percent contribution from the revenues generated by men-owned small business enterprises. This suggests that in case women would rai se their revenue objectives to equalize with small businesses that are owned by men, they are likely to make a bigger economic impact. However, a scholarly question emerges on how exactly this mission can be accomplished. Trechiel and Scott (2006, p. 52) suggest that women owning small businesses lack adequate â€Å"negotiating, assertiveness, and decision-making skills†. Considering that these skills are important during contracting negotiations, a possible mechanism of reducing the number of women non-contractors is through the creation of programs for their empowerment. In support of this claim, Ernst and Young (2011, p. 22) insist, â€Å"treating women entrepreneurs as a homogeneous group is unlikely to yield positive results, as women’s experiences in cultural backgrounds, education, and life circumstances vary widely†. Therefore, normalization of the incapability of women to manage and execute a contract to deliver its objectives as prescribed by contractu al terms and conditions may reveal the prevalence of women small businesses in the non-contracting category of small businesses in the US. Minority-owned businesses face the challenge of negative representation of their ability to deliver the deliverables of a contract similar to the women-owned small businesses. Indeed, according to Samuels, Joshi, and Demory (2008), they encounter challenges that are articulated to business formation together with equal engagement in government contracting with their peers. In the effort to ensure the businesses overcome the challenge of formation, the US government has created policies such as affirmative action to increase the number of small business firms owned by minorities applying for government contracts. For instance, the government has established a policy requiring reservation of 5% of all contracts awarded by federal governments to minority-owned small businesses (Trechiel Scott, 2006). Nevertheless, such policies do not necessary tra nslate into increasing the number of small businesses owned by minority and engaging in government contracting. Minority-owned small businesses engage in government contracting in the effort to offset limitations that the private sector imposes on them. This does not imply that minority-owned small businesses have a better play in government contracting compared to their peers. Coleman (2005, p. 154) state, â€Å"barriers embedded in the contracting process itself can impede minority firms from winning government contracts†. For instance, the government may not view as appropriate breaking down various contracts into small fragment to allow minority-owned small businesses to bid competitively. Challenges of ineffective screening to eliminate false minority disguise together with bid shopping also constitute important impediments to equality in the participation of minority-owned small businesses in government contracting. This suggests that for minority-owned and women-owned small business to engage competitively in government contracting in comparison with their peers, they have to work extra harder as discussed in the following section. Hardships in Contracting Ability of Minority-owned and Majority-owned Business Winning federal government contracts is significant to both minority and women-owned small business. A research conducted using a sample of 1,508 participants by American Express (2010) found out that women and minority small business owners work harder to win federal contracts for three main important reasons. 70-percent of the sample claimed that winning a prime federal contract was essential for growth of the businesses. Indeed, 37 percent of the sample contended that seeking business growth opportunities was the prime reason for engagement in federal contracting (American Express, 2010). In all minority and women small business owners, 74 percent cited growth as the main reason they pursue federal contracts. The research by American Expr ess (2010) also indicated that women have higher probabilities of engaging in government contracting in the quest to acquire personal leadership together with management skills. Women of color cited the development of the ability to increase their contributions to wellness of the communities as another major driver into engaging in federal contracting (American Express, 2010). The results of the study provide evidence of the willingness of women and minority small business owners to invest more in making bids for contracts and even in ensuring compliance with their businesses to statutory requirements that are essential for successful bids. The main question is, ‘how hard do they work and at what cost?’ Seeking a response to the above query formed the basis for the American Express (2012) study that deployed a sample size of 740 participants who were drawn from small business owners’ population in the US. The organization’s findings indicated that 35 perce nt of all active small businesses owned by women won contracts worth US $1 and above in 2011. 15-percent reported having won contracts worth US$10 million and above. 37-percent and 20 percent of minority-owned small businesses reported having won contracts with the federal government worth US $1 million and above and 10 million and above respectively. These findings evidence that women-owned and minority-owned small business were fairing equally in terms of achievement in federal contracting. However, equality only occurs when equal achievements correspond to equal inputs in terms of the effort required to successfully bid for a federal contract. Different amounts of efforts to win federal governments’ contracts nullify equality in contracting achievements for different small businesses in the US. Samuels, Joshi, and Demory (2008) further claim that women and minority small business invest both energy and time seeking federal governments’ certifications together with a dditional designations for them to qualify either as a prime contractor or subcontractor. Some of these certifications include women-owned small business certification, registration with GSA, minority-owned small business certification, designation for acceptability in the 8(a) program category of businesses, and veteran-owned small businesses among others. While it is important for small businesses owned by minority and women to seek more than one designations, such an endeavor is non-beneficial to the enterprise when it does not increase the probability for successful bidding for a contract. This suggests that increased successful contracting opportunities as discussed by American Express (2012) have an extra effort attached to them in comparison with their peers. Putting extra energy in seeking a designation of 8(a) business category or acquiring the designation for ‘service-disabled veteran-owned business’ proves effective in enhancing contracting abilities of minor ity-owned small businesses. American Express (2012) agrees with this postulation by reporting that 64 percent of the sample studied embraced ‘service-disabled veteran-owned business’ designation as an important extra effort incorporated by minority-owned small businesses in the bid to enhance their competitiveness in winning federal contracts. Similarly, women-owned businesses benefit from seeking registration with GSA. 41-percent of the sample of women-owned small businesses studied by American Express (2012) held that GSA registration was ‘very important.’ Consequently, it is sound to infer that compared to the peers, small businesses owned by women and minority in the US require an additional mechanism of enhancing their competitiveness in winning bids for the federal government contracts. Although this effort does not require financial inputs, winning contracts in some isolated cases requires higher monetary investments compared to their peers. The cont racting process involves expenditure of business financial resources. In 2010, the expenditure for small businesses that were actively seeking federal contracts averaged at US $103,827 (American Express, 2012). However, minority-owned small businesses had to invest more than the industry’s average contracting investment. They invested US$139,709 (American Express, 2012). This figure was about 35 percent higher than the industry’s average. Compared to women-owned businesses who only invested an average of US$86,643 (17-percent less than the industry’s average), this high commitment of business financial resources meant that minority owned-small businesses were the ones required to work harder to secure a federal contract. Thus, equal achievement in contracting for women-owned small businesses and minority-owned small businesses do not necessarily reflect equality in the overall benefits accruing from contracting. A similar comparative analysis may also apply to b oth women and minority-owned business when compared to their peers. Considering the time required to bid successfully for a federal government contract, women and minority-owned small businesses require working harder to secure the first contract. Average small business contractors take lesser time than women and minority-owned small businesses to secure their first contact. According to Ernst and Young (2011, p. 43), â€Å"it took minority business owners an average of 1.7 years (20 months) and 6.1 unsuccessful bids before they notched their first victory in procurement in 2011† (p.43). Comparably, a small business average contractor took only 16 months (1.3 years) to secure the first contract. This was accompanied by 4.4 failures for successful bidding. Women-owned businesses did not require working harder than average small businesses to a win a bid successfully. They only used 1.2 years with only four failures in successful bidding (Ernst and Young, 2011). However, the sa ved amount of energy may have been utilized elsewhere, for instance, in seeking registration with GSA to increase probabilities for success in contracting. Although women and the minority-owned small businesses face several challenges requiring them to work harder than their peers do, it does not imply that the peers do not also face higher expenditure in securing contracts with federal governments. The costs of living in many nations across the globe have been on the rise since the end of the global financial crisis experienced in 2008-2009 (Ernst and Young, 2011). This situation has resulted in the general increase in costs of doing business including contracting. Amid this challenge, minority-owned small businesses increased their investments in seeking contracting opportunities in federal governments by 29 percent between 2009 and 2010 compared to 21 percent industry average and 23 percent of the investments made by women-owned small businesses (American Express, 2012). Therefor e, despite the rise in investments in financial resources together with the time required for securing the first contract across all small business enterprises, this growth was more pronounced amongst women and minority-owned small businesses in comparison with their peers. Conclusion A government has a noble mandate to ensure equitable distribution of resources and business opportunities with a nation. This concern resulted in the establishment of policies for ensuring that particular disadvantaged groups of small business in the US acquire a share in accessing federal governments’ contracts. One of such policies was the allocation of 5% of total contracts awarded by the federal government to women-owned small businesses and an equal share to minority-owned small businesses. These two groups of businesses also possess the freedom to engage in bidding for the remaining 90% stake of contracts awarded to small businesses. To win a contract in this stake, especially where a smal l business seeks to bid successfully for the first contract, the paper revealed that women-owned and minority-owned small businesses have to worker harder than their peers do. Working harder encompasses commitment of more financial and time resources in the contracting process. It also entails spending time and other resources in seeking multiple designations or certifications to enhance the competitiveness of a women-owned business enterprise or minority-owned business enterprises to win the first bid. After winning the bid, such firms acquire an equal ability to contract similar to their peers without necessarily having to work harder. Reference List American Express. (2010). Women and Minority Federal Small Business Contractors: Greater Challenges, Deeper Motivations, Different Strategies, and Equal Success. New York, NY: American Express. American Express. (2012). Women and Minority Small Business Contracts: Divergent Paths to Equal Success. New York, NY: American Express. Blank , R. (2010). Women-Owned Business in the 21st Century. New York, NY: US Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration for White House Council on Women and Girls. Coleman, S. (2005). Constraints Faced by Women Small Business Owners: Evidence from the Data. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 151-174. DMWBD. (2013). Minority and Women Business Development. Retrieved from https://esd.ny.gov/doing-business-ny/mwbe Ernst, J., Young, H. (2011). Scaling Up: Why Women-Owned Business can recharge the Global Economy. New York, NY: Ernst Young. OECD. (2009). Policy Responses to the Economic Crisis: Investing in Innovation for Long-Term Growth. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Samuels, L., Joshi, M., Demory, Y. (2008). Entrepreneurial Failure and Discrimination: Lessons for Small Firms. Service Industries Journal, 28(7), 883-897. Trechiel, M., Scott, J. (2006). Women-Owned Businesses and Access to Bank Credit: Evidence from Three Surveys since 1987. Venture Capital, 8(1), 51-67. This research paper on Minority and Women Entrepreneurs was written and submitted by user Jaycob H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Editing College Application Essay Job

Editing College Application Essay JobEditing college application essay job can be a pretty intimidating task. Writing and editing are usually very different things, so the editing task will be challenging. One thing that you must consider is how your college application essay will be read. Many students are not completely sure how the writing portion of their college application essays will be read by admissions officers at universities.If your college application essay is challenging, it's likely that you will do better if you do an editor. A good editor can correct and improve your essays. While an editor is not always able to make a major alteration to your essay, you may be able to correct some of the inconsistencies in the original composition. It is important that your college application essay have an editor.The school that receives your college application has many different departments that will review your essay. One of the first steps that an admissions officer will take i s to determine whether or not the essay you wrote is good enough to pass muster with the school. An admissions officer may evaluate several essays to see which one makes the cut. While it is possible to do your own essay or rewrite your college application essay yourself, it is not recommended that you attempt this unless you have prior experience editing college application essays.For some students, rewriting the college application essay after the college application deadline can be difficult because they need to do a clean-up job on the essay. If you were able to edit your college application essay yourself, you might consider re-writing it for the student who has submitted their essay, so they don't get the disadvantage of having a first draft from you.One of the ways to make your college application essay successful is to make sure that you are clear in your arguments. Students can forget to take into account certain situations that might change their original choice. Make sure that you include the purpose of the essay and how you intend to address those reasons as well as any other situations that may alter your original choice.To be able to edit your college application essay is an important part of your college application job. Most students will spend years writing their college application essays. Whether it's an essay for undergraduates or seniors, the writing task can be a challenge. It is best to let someone else edit the essay for you, rather than trying to do it yourself.There are many people who write the essays for college applicants. Editors are easy to find, and they have the education and training to edit college application essays effectively.