Becoming a Philosphy Scholar Too! - 1457 Words

Dear Student, Although Philosophy 3000 may be a required course at Fordham University, that does not mean it will not quickly become one of your favorite courses. If you are lucky enough to have Professor Sajber as your professor, I can guarantee that the various philosophers theories about morals and ethics that you will study will seem to come to life through open class discussions on hypothetical scenarios and examples to help you better understand the content, while relating it to realistic situations. Learning about the different philosophers theories on moral judgment allows you to question your own morals while looking at morality through a different lens. The philosophies on morality that truly made me rethink my moral judgment through presenting me with a different ethical perspective were the philosophers David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, and Immanuel Kant. The reading that resonated with me the most was David Hume’s, A Treatise of Human Nature. Before I began reading the text, I had a preconceived notion that Hume’s theory on moral decision-making was probably outdated and would not be able to be applied to today’s moral and ethical beliefs in society. However, my initial instinct was wrong and as soon as I delved deep into reading Hume’s theory, I quickly realized that his sentimentalist approach was a fresh perspective from other philosophers, such as Kant, who solely focus on morality through reason and the act of duty. Instead, Hume argues that reason is inShow MoreRelatedSocrates and Properties Essay3228 Words   |  13 Pagesmoment when the future of that interest might be in some doubt. But by offering consistently challenging and novel interpretations, and by arguing clearly and vigorously for their positions with reference both to the texts and to the work of other scholars, the authors guarantee a continuing debate on the topics. It is certainly one of the best introductions there is to Socratic thought, together with Vlastos Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher and posthumous companion volume Socratic Studies

The Global Eradication of Polio Essays - 1763 Words

The Global Eradication of Polio The possibility of the eradication of polio worldwide is an imminent and exciting prospect as the goal year quickly approaches. In 1988, the World Health Assembly, which governs the World Health Organization, set the goal of eliminating polio from the world by the year 2010. Many organizations have joined the effort along with the World Health Organization: the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, Rotary International, Global Health Network, the US Agency for International Development, National Immunization Day, and the International Broadcasting Bureau. Together, these worldwide polio partners have implemented a strategy to completely rid the world of this disease. It is a difficult†¦show more content†¦The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to thirty-five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it has the potential to spread throughout the body by way o f the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs. This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several other diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all (WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of eradicating poliovirus from the earth. It is important to note that paralysis does not occur in all polio cases. Acute poliomyelitis manifests itself as a two-phased disease in a small proportion of its victims. The first phase is minor, a non-specific febrile illness (Prevots 1999). All patients with polio experience this phase, and only a small percentage develops the second phase, aseptic meningitis and/or paralytic disease (Prevots 1999). The aseptic meningitis is inflammation, caused by the virus, of the meninges of theShow MoreRelatedThe Global Polio Eradication Campaign1808 Words   |  8 Pagesthe global polio eradication campaign provides an in depth analysis of the course of the project and the difficulties of executing the World Health Organization’s (WHO) mandates. Riding from the success of smallpox eradication, campaign leaders were very optimistic and enthusiastic about worldwide polio eradication. However, in Pakistan the projects stagnated despite more foreign investments, more campaigns and tenac ity of public health officials to achieve the impossible goal of eradication. ItRead MoreA World Without Polio : A Benefit Cost Analysis Critique1536 Words   |  7 PagesA World without Polio: A Benefit Cost Analysis Critique Introduction A benefit cost analysis must be performed before the start of any public health campaign and the eradication of global poliomyelitis is no exception. This paper will examine the first benefit cost analysis of the Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative, published in 1996 . It will also explore the broader question of the economic value of eradication. Background Context The world is on the verge of a remarkable achievementRead MoreWhat Is Poliomyelitis?1564 Words   |  6 PagesWHAT IS POLIO? Poliomyelitis or polio, is highly contagious viral infection that can lead to abnormal conditions such as paralysis, breathing problems, or even lead to death. The poliomyelitis is from the word â€Å"grey†, myelos referencing to the â€Å"matter† of the spinal cord, -itis meaning inflammation. So it means the inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Poliomyelitis can be categorize as either asymptomatic or symptomatic. AboutRead MoreViral Infectious DiseasesPolio or Poliomyelitis1368 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom ancient Greek were polio means grey and myelos meaning marrow referring to grey matter of spinal cord. Ancient paintings recovered in Egypt depicits an Egyptian stele though to represent a polio victim from the 18th dynasty which was from 1403 to 1365 BC. The disease had different names in early medical communities such as infantile spinal paralysis, paralysis of the morning, regressive paralysis and myelitis of the anterior horns The first clinical description of polio was given in 1789 by aRead MorePoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the interventionRead MoreTaking a Look at Poliomyelitis1689 Words   |  7 Pages A highly infectious disease caused by virus is â€Å"POLIO† which can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours due to invasion of nervous tissue. The polio virus consists of an RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell known as capsid. There are three serotypes of wild polio virus; type 1, type 2, and type 3 each of them with their different capsid protein. Type 1 and 3 are highly infectious but 1 is the most pervasive strain of polio and 3 are at low levels. In the 20th century itRead MoreEffects of the Poliovirus: Poliomyelitis1504 Words   |  6 Pagesover 90% asymptomatic. ïÆ'Ëœ The challenges eradicating polio range from socio-cultural factors to political and economical factors. There are mainly three endemic areas remaining namely: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ïÆ'Ëœ The solution to the challenges would vary from countries and communities with specific issues. But the direct involvement of the population is crucial making the battle more active than passive with less publicity. INTRODUCTION: Polio had caused 350000 cases of infection in 1988 in overRead MoreEmergence And Eradication Of Polio1623 Words   |  7 Pages Emergence and Eradication of Polio Viren Patel Valparaiso University I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel Introduction The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters from the person mouth and multiplication occursRead MoreTaking a Look at Polio1371 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Polio is caused by a virus and it used to be a common cause of Encephalitis. Polio was once considered a middle class, because good hygiene could delay exposure of a person to the virus until late childhood, the adolescent years or adulthood, when infection would produce most severe symptoms. Infections in early childhood generally results in asymptomatic or very mild disease. In the great 1916 polio endemic in New York City, 9,000 cases of paralysis were reported and nearly all in childrenRead MoreNear Eradication of Polio1510 Words   |  6 Pages The eradication of polio was very close in the year 2012, however incidence levels has caused a seventy percent increase in new cases [1]. In this paper I will argue that Canadian individuals do have a moral obligation to support the effort of polio eradication using Singer’s moderate principle and John Stuart Mill’s ethical theory of Act utilitarianism. Polio is virus infection that occurs in the throat and intestines through environmental contaminations such as water by stool and feces [7]. The

Limitations of the Arguments towards the Existence of God...

The western conception of god is defined as the superme being that is all-powerful, all-knowing, omnipresence, perfection, all-loving and most kind. Although monotheism like Christian believe God which is perfect existed and they propose several arguments to prove God’ existence, however there are no evidence to show that god actually exist. Atheists suggested those arguments provide insufficient reason to believe. Furthermore, some arguments propose that it is possible to disprove the existence of God, or of certain characteristics attributed to God. This article will be discuss the limitation of some arguments for the existence of god and propose some arguments against god’ existence. limitation of arguments for the existence of god†¦show more content†¦Thought this argument, it is not necessary to find the physical evidence of God’s existence as we can prove God’s existence by logic. However, the successful of this argument is controversial. Critics argue the statement is not persuasive.There are some general objections to ontological arguments. First, existence is not a characteristics of perfection. Rene‘s premise stated that it is more perfect to exist than not to exist. However, it seem that it is more prefect that Hitler or devils not to exist, therefore his second premise has problem. Furthermore, Immanuel Kant proposed that existence is not a predicate because it is not the essence of God. If existence is a not predicate, both God that exists to a God that does not are the same and they can’t greater than each other. Third, ontological argument is begging the question, which is statement is assumed to be true without evidence, since the premise that god is the most perfect being is yet to be proved. cosmological Arguments Cosmological argument is an argues of the first cause of the universe. Thomas Aquinas adapted this argument and proposed every contingent must have a cause, therefore the beginning of the universe must had a cause, He stated that the cause is the necessary being, which mean God. Thus, God exist. However, the argument did n’t not explain the reason of the first cause isShow MoreRelatedCan We Prove God Exists? Essay562 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscuss the existence of God. Some philosophers, such as St Thomas Aquinas, and St Anselm, believe that we have proven that God exists through our senses, logic, and experience. Others such as Soren Kierkegaard, and Holbach, feel that we will never have the answer to this question due to our human limitations, and reason. The believer tends to rely on faith for his belief, and claim they do not need proof in order to believe in the Gods existence. The atheist however, tends to lean more towards commonRead MoreOn Being an Atheist, by H.J. McCloskey Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagescomfortable belief† by effectively using a disdainful rhetoric towards theists and their faith. McCloskey delves into both the Cosmological and Teleological arguments, which within he criticizes the arguments and to further his argument against theism, he also presents the Problem of Evil and why evil cannot possibly exist with a perfect God being the creator of universe. What will be displayed in this essay are the counter-arguments to McCloskey’s criticisms and the attempt to discredit his claimsRead MoreDescartes Proof Of The Existence Of God1609 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’s proof of the existence of God rests is that rational minds face constraints. While God is the absolute infinite, humans and other beings exist with limitations on their actions. One of these limitations is human intellect, which Descartes names as one component of the cause of our tendency toward error as humans. The finite nature of human intellect, he argues, combines with an infinite will which causes us to seek an understanding of phenomena beyond our intellectual limitations. This is whereRead MoreThe Argument for the Existence of God Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Argument for the Existence of God It is an undisputed fact that some people claim to have experienced God. It is these religious experiences that have been used by philosophers to argue for the existence of God. The main way of expressing the argument from religious experience is as follows: P1 Someone experiences an entity C1 The entity exists P2 Someone has experienced God C2 God exists Those who champion the argument seek to differentiate ordinary Read MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the idea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations onRead MoreResponse Paper Instructions1075 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1968 for the journal Question. McCloskey is an Australian philosopher who wrote a number of atheistic works in the 1960s and 70s including the book God and Evil (Nijhoff, 1974). In this article, McCloskey is both critical of the classical arguments for God’s existence and offers the problem of evil as a reason why one should not believe in God. Please note the following parameters for this paper: 1. Your assignment is to read McCloskey’s short article found in the Reading Study folder in Module/WeekRead MoreThe Theory Of God s The Same Meditation 1533 Words   |  7 PagesHis argument that God exists are mainly focused explicitly on Mediation three and five. In Mediation three, he says: â€Å"I must inquire whether there is a God [for if there is}, I must examine likewise whether he can be a deceiver†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He points out that God may be a deceiver, but has no foundational basis to prove that. But when he introduced the evil genius superior earlier in his Meditation one, he said that figure may also be tricking him into thinking God exists, and thus deceiving him. The evil geniusRead MoreThe Absolute Ego1865 Words   |  8 PagesDuring this paper I will discuss Fichte’s ideas on the absolute ego and how it pertains to the idea of God. I will also discuss the similarities and also the differences between Fichte and Smakra as outlined by Lewis. I will then conclude with my remarks and thoughts upon the subject matter. Fichte was an idealist. This is the belief that nothing is known to us except ideas. Since this was the belief of Fichte he avoided dualism and instead believed that only that which is in and for consciousnessRead MoreEssay about The Existence of God: the Arguments of Locke and Descartes965 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Gods existence is clear and distinct. God exists because the thought of God is derived from a completely clear and distinct idea from within his being (which he concedes is a thinking being). Having come from distinct thoughts, the idea of God can therefore never be considered a falsity. From this very distinct idea of God comes everything else that one grasps distinctly and clearly. He states, From the fact that I cannot think of God not existing, it follows that existence cannot beRead MoreThe Absolute Ego1865 Words   |  8 PagesDuring this paper I will discuss Fichte’s ideas on the absolute ego and how it pertains to the idea of God. I will also discus the similarities and also the differences between Fichte and Smakra as outlined by Lewis. I will then conclude with my remarks and thoughts upon the subject matter. Fichte was an idealist. This is the belief that nothing is known to us except ideas. Since this was the belief of Fichte he avoided dualism and instead believed that only that which is in and for consciousness

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade vs. Human Trafficking Essay

Ariel Bosselaar Professor Gabriele Gottlieb Hst. 300: Writing History December 15, 2011 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade VS. Human Trafficking Although slavery may have legally ended in 1865 with the end of the Civil War, it continues to be a problem worldwide today. â€Å"The UN International Labor Organization (ILO) calculates the minimum number of people in forced labor at 12.3 million, while research by Free the Slaves, a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the United Sates, puts the number at 27 million.† Even so, there are many similarities between the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and human trafficking today. All through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade slavery happened mostly in colonies in North and South America and the†¦show more content†¦In 2002 to keep control of Lyudmilla, a young single mother from the Soviet republic of Moldova traffickers used rape, beatings, and they kept her passports so that she had no way of going home even if she escaped. Mercy, a young woman from West Africa who was taken to Italy, escaped only to have trafficker s kill her sister as punishment for Mercy escaping and going to a human rights group for help. During both times of slavery violence has been used to keep slaves under control and as punishment should they to misbehave or try to run away. Like in England during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, slavery today is out of sight. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade slavery was accepted as the norm and many people justified slavery by saying the white man was superior to the black slaves. Today slavery is also out of sight simply because it is illegal and therefore it happens mostly behind closed doors where the public cannot see what is happening. Today though, many people are aware that slavery is taking places but they are much more complacent than their counterparts in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. â€Å"Perhaps we simply prefer to close our eyes to it, as many law-abiding citizens buy the products and the services produced on the cheap by slaves,† Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said. Today people are much too comfortable with being able to buy various items extremely cheap not caring orShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesIran, North Korea, Iraq, and Afghanistan, especially as the U.S. role in these latter two countries evolves. On the economic front, failure to conclude important trade agreements, including the so-called â€Å"Development† Round of multilateral trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization, and the lagging support for some bilateral trade agreements pose additional challenges to global managers and multinational companies. In addition, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has renewed calls for

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Essay

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Since the dawn of human existence evolution in all sectors of society has occurred due to Economic factors. This has mainly happened due to the fact that all technological achievements have occurred in favor of money. Specifically we can admit that Economy is the main reason for growth and development. By these means it is in our interest to establish strong economies either as societies (macroeconomics) or as individuals (microeconomics). For these reasons several techniques and methods have been initiated in order help modern individuals to develop. Such techniques are usually Accounting or†¦show more content†¦By these means the company is never overstocked and that has as an affect that the company will never have a liquidity problem since assets as stock of goods are smaller and cash is bigger. Another reason for this to happen is the fact that Just in time manufacturing is a philosophy of eliminating non value added activities and increasing product quality throughout the manufacturing process (Meigs, Bettner, p. 804). But how can we control if our Just in time manufacturing system is efficient? The answer to that is given by Meigs and Bettner : A widely used measure of efficiency in a Just in time system is the Manufacturing Efficiency ratio (p. 805). This ratio is given by the Value Added Activities time over the Cycle time. The cycle time is the time of processing, storing, moving and inspecting that is spent on the material before their usage. If the ratio is equal to one then we have the perfect Manufacturing efficiency ratio. This means that the smaller the number the less efficient is our Just in Time manufacturing method and the larger are the Value added activities. Finally we can conclude that if we perform the Just inShow MoreRelated JIT manufacturing and inventory control system Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesJIT Just-in-time production is considered to be on the leading edge of technological advancement. With improvements in the virtually every industry, maintaining an effective production line while minimizing inventory costs is a very feasible option. Just-in-time systems are designed to keep inventory costs at a minimum, unlike the ways of old, with large warehouses loaded with back inventory. With technology allowing instantaneous communication around the world, production lines and stores doRead MoreNotes On Jit Inventory Systems Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced during the 1950s and 1960s that has the characteristics of a pull system, meaning required inventory is only produced or used when demand is â€Å"pulling† to do so. After the inventory is used up, only what is needed to replace what has been used is manufactured. Because goods are only produced to keep up with demand, there is minimal inventory which can cause a reduction in overhead and an increase in respon siveness. JIT systems are based on the pull concept rather than the push concept, where productsRead MoreJit And Its Effect On The Manufacturing Industry1081 Words   |  5 Pages Just-In-Time (JIT), will be examined. The historical background of JIT and its impact on the manufacturing industry will also be discussed. An important highlight of this paper will be the discussion of push versus pull and how it relates to JIT. Lean manufacturing and its relation to JIT will also be addressed. Finally, the relationship between JIT and a Kanban manufacturing system will be highlighted. Information from scholarly research will be utilized to determine whether JIT can be implementedRead MoreAlternative Terms For Jit Manufacturing Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesJust-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, also known as just-in-time production or the Toyota production system (TPS), is a methodology aimed primarily at reducing flow times within production system as well as response times from supplier s and to customers. Following its origin and development in Japan, largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota.[1][2] Alternative terms for JIT manufacturing have been used. Motorola s choice was short-cycle manufacturing (SCM).[3][4] IBM s was continuous-flowRead MoreA Brief Note On Jit And Its Effect On How Business Is A World Leader Of Development And Production849 Words   |  4 PagesEvery company, firm, or organization has a need to know and understand how to plan for production and the inventory needed to sustain it. During the reconstruction following World War Two an atmosphere was present that enabled pioneering minds just as Deming to institute several industrial theories into practice. Having embraced the concepts whole heartedly, these theories enabled post war Japan to become a world leader in development and production. According to Evans Lindsay (2010), theseRead MoreJit : An Inventory Strategy1177 Words   |  5 PagesDEFINITION of Just In Time - JIT An inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method requires that producers are able to accurately forecast demand. INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS Just In Time - JIT A good example would be a car manufacturer that operates with very low inventory levels, relying on their supply chain to deliver the parts they need to buildRead MoreThe Human Nature Of Human Beings1105 Words   |  5 Pagescreation in manufacturing industries has been the just-in-time theory, which is a production system responsible to identify problems in the value chain and to work and analyze these problems to reduce the waste with overproduction, delays in the production schedule and increasing the production (Cheng, 1996). There are a quite number of benefits of employing just in time in a production line that influence at the goods` final quality, time and the company’s profit. Employing just-in-time (JIT) in industriesRead MoreA Comparison For Variable Cost And Absorption Costing990 Words   |  4 Pagescosting using Sales: 60,000 units Production: 80,000 units Ending Inventory: 20,000 units Based on these analyses I have made several recommendations along with pros and cons to aid in the decision-making process. I recommend that we use absorption costing over variable costing. Absorption costing is a method where â€Å"†¦fixed manufacturing costs are inventoriable costs† (Datar, et al, 2009). That is, inventory â€Å"absorbs† all manufacturing costs. In the absorption metho there does not need to be a distinctionRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1359 Words   |  6 PagesERP systems bring together all aspects of operations and supply chain management, from raw materials to customer relationship management (CRM). Electronics retailer Best Buy found that the use of demand management tools increased price optimization, which in turn increased inventory turns by 50% (Blanchard, 2010). Other tools, like benchmarking, are also immensely valuable as automobile manufacturer Hyundai discovered. The company found that fill rate, the percentage of customer demand satisfiedRead MoreJust in Time1644 Words   |  7 Pagesan analysis and evaluation of the Just-In-Tim e system, the advantages and disadvantages of the system and how it would benefit AG Z. The Just-In-Time (JIT) system is a process where goods are ordered as required, as opposed to the currently used batch processing system where goods are made in bulk and stored in warehouses until sold. The Just-In-Time system was initially developed to not only cut down the amount of waste produced by other systems, which was seen as incurring unnecessary costs

Biology1 Essay Example For Students

Biology1 Essay The peregrine is the worlds fastest bird; it can reach over 200 miles as it dives from tall cliffs onto smaller birds (1). It circles high searching for prey and when a smaller bird like a pigeon takes off it plummets to the earth and kills it with razor sharp talons. The Peregrines identifying characteristics include its large size, long pointed wings and dark mustache set against white cheeks (11). The female has a wingspan of about 4 feet and often weights more than two pounds as compared to the smaller males the generally only weight in at one pound (11). It was found from the subarctic boreal forests of Alaska and Canada all the way south to Mexico (1). It was called the worlds most successful flying bird largely as a result of its unsurpassed flight characteristics and unusually stable, near-global population. Peregrines could once be found on every continent except Antarctica (2). Besides man the Peregrines only natural predator is the great horned owl which often raids the Pe regrines nest (11). The peregrine has recovered remarkably well. It is now found throughout North America and is breeding in the wild. There are 1,593 breeding pairs of Peregrines in North America, up from 324 in 1975 and well past the initial repopulation goal of 631 pairs (3). Their repopulation was aided by their integration into manmade environments. Peregrines have adapted remarkably well to the city environment. Often they make nests on the ledges of sky scrappers where they are able to dive down onto the unsuspecting pigeons that cloud the city air. They will return to the same ledge year after year. Over 50 pairs of Peregrines winter in L.A. (4). DDT was a very effective and stable pesticide that was sprayed over large sections of swampland in order to combat mosquito populations. Because of its stability it was concentrated as it moved up the food chain. It kills mosquitoes and other small insects that are then eaten by fish which in turn are eaten by birds of prey. When DD T is introduced into the environment it produces DDE, which accumulates in eggshells causing them to break in the nest (2). The Environmental Protection Agency banned the pesticide in 1972. One of the major driving forces behind the banning of DDT was the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, who was a former U.S. Fish and Wildlife employee (3). Peregrines are often brought into shelters after being wounded by hunters. In past years they were killed because they feed off of game birds such as quail. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act states that it is illegal to trap, kill, or otherwise disturb the Peregrine and its nests. DDT and its effects decimated a once healthy peregrine falcon population. Populations in the western states dropped more than 90% (3). In 1970 there were only two pairs in all of California, down from an estimated 300 in 1960 (2). The population was helped along the road to recovery by the banning of DDT. Despite this action large amounts of the chemical lingered in the environment for years to come. The peregrine was put on the endangered species list in 1973(2). This is one of the reasons for its rapid increase. There was a massive captive breeding effort and over 6,200 pairs were released into the wild (4). Mostly volunteers and zoos hand raised these falcons. This breeding effort was instrumental in repopul ating the Peregrine to the wild. One problem with a captive breeding program is the possibility of a founding effect and population bottleneck. Also many non-innate behaviors, normally taught by the parents, captive hatchlings do not know. Often times eggs from captive breed birds would be placed in wild Peregrine nests. The success of the Peregrine has become an important symbol for the Endangered Species List and the US Fish and Wildlife. Its success means that it is possible to repopulate a species into the wild.Controversy still surrounds the Peregrine even in the midst of its amazing rebound. The numbers of Peregrine pairs in the wild are much higher than the original goals of the repopulation programs. As mentioned earlier, in 1970 there were only 2 peregrine pairs left in California, in 1997 there were 125 pairs (2). As a result of the overall increase in Peregrine population, on August 25, 1999 it was taken off the endangered species list (1). This move was harshly criticize d by some of the scientists who were instrumental in the falcons return to the wild. Even though the population has increased dramatically, little has been done to protect the habitat of the birds and the loss of genetic variability remains a major concern. The large increase in peregrine population is largely the result of captive birds being released and as a result it is believed that there may be a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic variability. For the most part the Peregrines population has expanded, but the genetic variability of the species remains undetermined. For the most part however, the Peregrine still stands as one of the few successful attempts to reverse the consequences of mans interference in the natural cycle of life. .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .postImageUrl , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:visited , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:active { border:0!important; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:active , .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441 .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u070206fd0d98387af2b7f37fc9914441:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hemingways A Farewell To Arms EssayBibliography:

Institutionalizing Public Relations in China †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Institutionalizing Public Relations in China A Sociological Analysis of the CPPC. Answer: Public relations has always been conceived as a strategic management tool. However, organizations practice public relations for socio-political reasons as well. A good example is the presidential press conferences in the US, which have been practiced since the 1930s. In 1993 the Chinese government also started holding press conferences with the aim of benefiting the government. Institutionalization is a process of construction based on some logic of collective action. Once public relations is institutionalized, it becomes a regular social pattern. Institutionalized actions can be exterior or objective. Firms must conform to external environmental pressures like social values, norms, and beliefs to maintain a good public image. Legitimization, institutionalization and public relations are closely related. As a firm involves in legitimate actions, it builds a good public image. If these actions are habitualized, institutionalization is ignited. Legitimacy and authority rely on three principles- traditional, legal-rational and charismatic. Institutionalization of PR under Legal-rational system helps in creating a good organizational image. The traditional approach deals with the long-term effects of institutionalization while charismatic approach depends on a particular person with charisma. Taiwes in 1984 divided the charismatic leadership style of the Communist Party of China into revolutionary, performance-based, nationalist and synthetic. Performance-based principle stresses on goal achievement, while revolutionary and synthetic are based on the personalities of the leader. In China, it was learnt that relying only on Performance-based source of legitimacy was inconvenient, with growth of nationalism and soft power. Therefore, combining utilitarianism and performance-based approaches would provide an active form of legitimacy. China has also strived to improve its legitimacy by using legal-rational factors like the direct election systems and retirement system established by Politburo. In evaluating Institutionalization in socio-political activities, three elements are vital; impact on behavior, the existence of stability over time and structural features. In the case study, both qualitative analysis through evaluation of extensive historical sources, in-depth interviews and official documents and quantitative analysis through the study of the texts of CPPCs from 1993 to 2011were conducted. The study showed that after the 1980s more political conferences were held to showcase governments accountability to the people. In 1983 a spokesman mechanism was established in Chinas central government. The NPC and CPPCC also developed their new spokesmen in the same year. The process of institutionalizing the CPPC has two sets of structural relations- those between NPCSC and other government administrative organs and the communist party, and those within the NPCSC itself. The Presidential conference in the US and the CPPC have similar formats. They both start with Presidential speech and then a question and answer session. In the US, formal and informal press conferences can be held in various locations at specified times. On the other hand arrangements for CPPC are done in advance, and there is pre-submission of questions. The opportunities to ask questions in the CPPC are very limited as compared to the US. The people who get opportunities to ask questions and the questions they ask are dictated by those in administrative departments. These restrictions show how the Chinese government has rationalized its legitimacy in institutionalizing public relations.