Marketing of Service †Restaurant Chain Essay

With the rise in disposable income, dining outside has become a staple part of the modern world. This has been a phenomenon of most of the cities across the continent. The beautiful and pristine continent of Africa is no exception with the spurt of the cities and the settlements from the outside countries. An interesting cradle of development in the continent is the country of South Africa. As the standard of living of most South Africans has risen over the last decade, eating out has become a popular leisure activity. According to Statistics South Africa, restaurants and coffee shops are steadily growing their businesses year on year. Take-away also did well, with businesses growing at an annual rate of around 15%. These increases were in spite of rising interest rates. In recent years, this market has grown and more restaurants have opened – offering a wide variety and an improving quality of food. So, while the market offers plenty of opportunity for a small business, it also demands quality and preferably a special or different offering. We, at Golden Restaurants , in our explorations to roll out across the seas , couldn’t help overlook this burgeoning market. Hence, going ahead with our vision of taking our Flagship Restaurant Brand ‘The Golden Bowl’ to the International Market, we have thought of setting our eyes on the Africa’s , the beautiful South Africa to begin with . Being in the Indian Restaurant Market for quite sometime and having burnt our kitchens to serve clients from different classes , particularly , the rich and the creamy , we would like to conjure our expertise in positioning ourselves as a class apart and an amphitheatre for the Rich and the Super Rich Indian South Africans . This document provides a peek into the South African Indian Market and our strategy to market and promote the experience of Dining in a different way to the Rich Indian populace. Introduction Setting up a restaurant means first deciding what type of food to serve. South Africa has plenty of ‘traditional’ dishes of its own, and has long been a fertile market for cuisines from India, Italy, Greece, France, China and Japan. This exposure has grown in the last decade, and will continue as the country has become home to thousands from other African countries. Knowing our expertise in the Indian Cuisines, we plan to target High-earning individuals or families of the large Indian Diaspora with plenty of disposable income but not much time as well as dual-income family groups and the Flux of Indian Tourists to the country. Though there are a sizeable number of Indian Restaurants, around 40, located in the Indian strongholds like Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Pretoria catering to the different strata of the diaspora, we intend to focus ourselves on the niche rich segment and provide an enriching experience with differentiated Service Value Addition. We plan to start with Johannesburg, as our strategic location , it being a hotspot of Indian settlement and also one of the wealtiest cities of the country . We would like to offer our guests a dining experience like no other. A unique, interactive dining experience creating memorable moments with family and friends or the corporate honchos. From the time the first piece of bread is dipped and the last piece of dessert is savored, you’ll be graced with the time to discover new things about people you thought you knew. And, those you’re getting to know. The emphasis would be on the first impressions and the power of contrast, simplified but exhaustive dining, an engagement of the senses and a choreographed ambience. The pick of the cuisines of the four corners of India would be on offer and the Indian exotic feel would be the main forte. Indian Diaspora in South Africa The history of the Indian diaspora in South Africa is a fascinating saga of almost a hundred & forty years. Indian South Africans are people of Indian descent living in South Africa and mostly live in and around the city of Durban, making it ‘the largest ‘Indian’ city outside India’. Many Indians in South Africa are descendents of migrants from colonial India (South Asia) during late 19th-century through early 20th-century. At other times Indians were subsumed in the broader geographical category â€Å"Asians†, including persons originating in present-day Iran and parts of the small Chinese community. The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras, followed by the Belvedere from Calcutta. They were transported as ndentured laborers to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony, and, in total, approximately 150,000 Indians arrived as indentured laborers over a period of 5 decades, later also as indentured coal miners and railway construction workers. The indentured laborers tended to speak Tamil, Telugu and Hindi, and the majority were Hindu with Christians and Muslims among them. The remaining Indian immigration was from passenger Indians, comprising traders, and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers, paid for their own fares and travelled as British Subjects. These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, some being Hindu and some being Muslims from Gujarat (including Memons and Surtis), later joined by Kokanis, and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh. . There was also a significant number of Gujarati Hindus in this group. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as â€Å"Arab traders† because of their dress, as large numbers of them were Muslim. Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban. Natal’s Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses. | Population, Regional & Linguistic Distribution The South African Indian origin community currently numbers around 1. 15 million and constitutes about 2. 5% of South Africa’s total population of 45. 45 million. About 80% of the Indian community lives in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, about 15% in the Gauteng (previously Transvaal) area and the remaining 5% in the Cape Town area. In KwaZulu-Natal, the major concentration of the Indian population is in Durban. The largest concentrations of Indian settlement are at Chatsworth, Phoenix, Tongaat and Stanger in the Durban Coastal area, which covers approximately 500,000 of the Indian origin community. Pietermaritzburg – noted for its link with Mahatma Gandhi – has a community of approximately 200,000. Smaller inland towns in KwaZulu Natal such as Ladysmith, Newcastle, Dundee and Glencoe make up the bulk of the remaining Indian population. In the Gauteng area, the Indian community is largely concentrated around Lenasia outside Johannesburg and Laudium and other suburbs outside Pretoria. There are also smaller groups in towns in the Eastern Cape and other provinces. Settlement of Indian origin people in a particular area, as with other South African peoples, came about as a result of the Group Areas Act that forced racial division into particular designated areas. According to the figures provided by the Department of Education and Culture, in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, the linguistic break-up of the Indian community is as follows: Tamil 51%, Hindi 30%, Gujarati 7%, Telugu 6%, Urdu 5% and others 1%. Starting a restaurant in South Africa Product is a key element in the overall market offering. Marketing-mix planning begins with formulating an offering that brings value to target customers. This offering becomes the basis upon which the company builds profitable relationships with customers. A company’s market offering often includes both tangible goods and services. Each component can be a minor or a major part of the total offer. At one extreme, the offer may consist of a pure tangible good, such as soap. Toothpaste, or salt—no services accompanying the product. At the other extreme are pure services, for which the offer consists primarily of a service. Examples include a doctor’s exam or financial services. Between these two extremes, however, many goods-and-services combinations are possible, the best examples is â€Å"Restaurant†. A restaurant is an ideal case of a product meets services story and the success of the greater concept as a whole depends on the combined successes or excellence of the entire gamut of offerings right from the food served to the services rendered to the ambience offered. We are not just offering our core Product with an elite Service but we blend it with a rich dining experience, one that would linger on for quite sometime. Now that we have identified the country, learnt about the population and have good statistical information which support the opening of an Indian Restaurant in South Africa, let’s put on the Thinking Hat and do some Brainstorming like a marketers. We have the vast South African Market which is more or less a mixed kind of market with heterogeneous culture. So, at first we need to identify our target market and position our pro-ser-exp (product served in a unique manner to give an experience of lifetime) by the process of S. T. P (i. e. Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning)

Waste minimising and recycle in construction

Introduction:The building industry has a major impact on the environment, both in footings of the resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The building industry is responsible for bring forthing a whole assortment of different wastes, the sum and type of which depends on factors such as the phase of building, type of building work and patterns on site. The building industry generates a big sum of waste every twelvemonth. As building professionals we should follow a hierarchal attack to blow direction by taking chiefly to cut down the sum of waste produced so purpose to recycle and recycle any waste that is produced. Whilst the tendency is to reject the traditional methods of waste disposal in favor of sustainable waste schemes, the bulk of the building industry has placed waste decrease at the underside of research dockets because of complexnesss over reuse and recycling. Construction waste has a important impact on the environment and more accent must be put on cut downing waste production and increasing recycling and reuse.Wasteâ€Å" Sustainable waste direction means utilizing material resources expeditiously ; to cut down on the sum of waste we produce, and where waste is produced, covering with it in a manner that actively contributes to the economic, societal and environmental ends of sustainable development. † [ 1 ]Be ginnings OF WASTECLIENT ROLE:The client plays an of import function in the decrease of waste. This is for a ground that when the client changes his demands at a phase when building has already began, the stuffs which are already being used would be wasted as they no longer will be used in the new design.IMPORTANCE OF SKILLED LABOUR:The usage of skilled labors means that good techniques will be used and hopefully fewer errors will happen during the building stage. A error could take to the demand for replacing of stuffs. Thereby increasing the sum of waste generated.LOGISTICS OF MATERIALS:The logistics of stuffs to the site can besides play a portion in cut downing the waste ; this is for a figure of grounds. Packaging of stuff will make waste. Therefore, if a method is generated to cut down the sum of packaging so the waste will be reduced.AFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS:Waste will besides be generated due to the transit of the merchandise. While transporting, goods can be da maged due to the vehicular motions if proper attention is non taken and therefore acquire wasted. Delivering goods in big measures could bring forth jobs at the site as more storage may be required which may necessitate impermanent constructions or heating to maintain the merchandises in the right conditions, this adding to the sum of waste generated.Fabrication Defect:During fabrication, the maker produces merely a specific size, but the client may necessitate a somewhat different size, therefore the stuff is trimmed down on site. This creates a big sum of wastage. Besides a hapless maker may bring forth a figure of low quality merchandises that ca n't be used.SITE Managements:Site direction could besides be a factor that courses waste. Time direction and storage of stuff on site could class waste if the site direction is non every bit good as it should be. If stuffs are non used within a limited clip period or if when they are non stored decently, its belongingss might alter and t herefore may non be suited for the undertaking. An illustration of this is if concrete arrives on site and is forced to wait for the site to be ready, so the concrete might get down to put and therefore ca n't be used.TYPES OF WASTEThere are two chief types of waste in the building industry, this include solid waste ( which may be recycled or taken to landfill ) or gasses waste which may be a pollutant. Gaseous waste will be generated from a figure of different beginnings. In the building procedure a big sum of works and heavy machinery will be used. Most of this machinery will be driven by Diesel engines which will bring forth exhaust gases, these gases will be a waste merchandise generated in the contraction procedure. Waste gasses can besides indirectly be generated due to the building industry, gasses may be produced in the fiction and fabrication of different merchandises that are used. Solid waste can besides be split into subdivisions, waste that can be recycled or re-used and waste which will be put into landfill. There are a big figure of different waste merchandises that could be generated from the building industries such as, lumber, metals, concrete and more serious waste, which may be harder to recycle and recycle. These wastes include plastics, plaster boards and asbestos.How much Waste does the Construction Industry Produce?Construction and destruction ( C & A ; D ) waste includes brick, concrete, hardcore, undersoil and surface soil, but it can besides incorporate measures of lumber, metal, plastics and on occasion particular ( risky ) waste stuffs. Wastes occur from the building, fix, care and destruction of edifices and constructions. The Construction Industry Research and Information Association ( CIRIA ) have reported that an estimated 72.5 million metric tons of building and destruction waste are produced yearly. This is about 17.5 % of the entire waste produced in the U.K. Furthermore, 13 million metric tons of building stuffs are delivered to sites in the U.K. and thrown off fresh every twelvemonth. This is non sustainable. [ 3 ]Effects OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE ON THE ENVIRONMENTThe two chief types of waste generated by the building industry are solid wastes and gaseous wastes. Liquid wastes may besides be generated during building procedures, such as cleansing, but the consequence of such wastes is minimum and by and large local to a peculiar site. Gaseous waste is a sub-product from the usage of machinery in the building procedure, transit of stuffs and from the production of building stuffs. This type of waste is emitted to the air and has built-in effects on air quality. Solid waste can be generated from des truction and digging or may be fresh stuff from the building procedure. Some solid waste may be recycled or reused nevertheless the bulk is put into landfill sites, because of this the overarching mark of the UK authorities ‘s scheme for sustainable building is to cut down the sum of building waste to landfill by 50 % by 20121. Solid waste hence adopts the associated effects on the environment that landfill has. Of the solid waste that is put into landfill the bulk comes from the destruction of bing constructions and the digging of stuff to let building, nevertheless a comparatively little proportion consists of fresh stuffs generated from amongst others, design alteration, deficiency of skilled work force, site untidiness, hapless quality stuffs and industry and deficiency of merchandise information and cognition. Fresh stuffs will non merely lend to the environmental effects of landfill but will hold indirect environmental effects due to transit, production and packaging. The chief environmental effects of waste due to destruction and digging are emanations from transit and chiefly issues with landfill. Landfills are widely considered to hold inauspicious effects on the environing environment and public wellness. The chief types of environmental impacts caused by landfill sites are change to environing landscape, ocular invasion, debasement of air quality, pollution of land H2O and debasement of dirt quality. The building industry makes a considerable part as it makes up a big proportion of the entire waste assigned to landfill in the UK. Landfill sites by and large occupy a big country required for waste disposal itself every bit good as associated installations and adequate country to understate the effects on environing groundwater and dirt quality. Additionally in some instances digging and motion of stuff is required to make an country which is suited for the disposal of waste. Therefore, the environing landscape is adversely affected. The location of a landfill site is frequently sanely chosen so to understate the effects it has on the environing environment, nevertheless it may be impossible to turn up it so that it is wholly unseeable to the populace and the negative ocular impact a landfill site will hold on a community can non be avoided. Gaseous emanations from a landfill site come from the transit of waste, usage of machinery and more significantly the anaerobiotic digestion of organic affair bring forthing methane. Generation of gas in a landfill site is one of the largest beginnings of methane emanations to the ambiance ; methane holding a much greater planetary heating consequence than C dioxide every bit good as being harmful to worlds. Landfill sites hence have a negative consequence on air quality and public wellness. The precipitation that falls on a landfill coupled with the disposal of liquid wastes consequences in the extraction of H2O soluble compounds and particulate stuff, such as cement, dust and asbestos. Although nowadays steps are by and large taken to water-proof a landfill site ensuing solutions and mixtures will about surely end up in environing groundwater and dirt. Therefore, a debasement of groundwater and dirt quality occurs. Gaseous wastes are a byproduct of any development but have increased badness in big graduated table developments which require a big sum of stuff and associated transit, usage of a greater sum and variable machinery and occur over a longer timescale. Transportation system of stuffs will normally be by route, rail or on occasion by sea. In any instance the method of transit will bring forth gaseous emanations that will hold an overall planetary heating consequence and cut down the air quality locally and regionally. An increased local decrease in air quality occurs in countries around big developments with longer building times due to the drawn-out changeless usage of machinery in the same country. The production of building stuffs besides has a important consequence on air quality due to emanations of peculiarly detrimental waste merchandises from industrial workss.Godforsaken MINIMISATION:Definition of waste minimization:â€Å" The decrease of waste at beginning, by understanding a nd altering procedures to cut down and forestall waste. This is besides known as procedure or resource efficiency. Waste minimization includes the permutation of less environmentally harmful stuffs in the production procedure. † [ 4 ] Planing out waste at the initial phases of the building procedure provides the greatest chances for waste minimization. The best manner to pull off waste, peculiarly risky waste, is to pull off the procedure so that there is no waste to pull off. This is decidedly non easy, but the whole purpose is that when a similar idea occurs, waste can be minimised if non eliminated.Benefits of Waste Minimisation:* Increase resource efficiency * Reduce costs * Improve environmental public presentation * Demonstrate best pattern * Ensure conformity with legal duties * Reduce disposal to landfill * economic inducements * societal advantages * internal concern benefits * external concern benefits Waste minimization contributes to the addition efficiency in the use of resources. It besides helps in decrease of cost of overall undertaking, when the outgo over the waste is reduced ; thereby the cost of undertaking besides reduces. Waste Minimisation understandsenvironmental improvementssuch as ameliorated pollution control, development of environmentally friendly merchandises Waste Minimisation ensureslegal compliancewith European Directives, UK Legislation and Regulations. Waste minimization will well cut down the disposal to landfill, thereby cut downing the landfill revenue enhancement. Waste Minimisation haseconomic incentivessuch as diluted trade waste costs and better efficiency. It is of import that any industry respects in implementing the waste minimization enterprises because the debut of the landfill revenue enhancement means that waste disposal costs are set to increase in the hereafter. Waste Minimisation hassocial benefitsas the recycling and reuse methods allow employment and economic chances for local charities, voluntary groups, the community sector and concerns that can recycle or recycle stuffs. Waste Minimisation hasinternal concern benefitsby advancing a cultural alteration within any industry by fostering environmental consciousness. It besides provides an chance for staff preparation and makings every bit good as improved employee motive. Waste Minimisation hasexternal concern benefitsby pull offing a assortment of your concerns stakeholder relationships. Industry ‘s investors, clients, the general populace, the regulator, companies within your supply concatenation and contractors may necessitate grounds of good environmental public presentation or expression for a ‘green ‘ image. [ 5 ]How to accomplish the benefits:Waste minimization demands action on three foreparts:1. Peoples:Many decreases in waste can be accomplished through improved housework. It is important that employees are cognizant of the issues related to waste and are motivated and trained to forestall it.2. Methodology:A systematic attack to measurement and command foregrounds lacks and jobs, alters marks to be set and maintains degrees of efficiency.3. Technology:Capital investing in new engineering can heighten productiveness and lessening waste coevals, giving really short paybacks.METHODS OF WASTE MINIMISATIONThe procedure of waste minimization through ‘Designing out Waste ‘ is still at the early phase of development. Many barriers and chances exist in developing waste minimization schemes in design. If this procedure is considered in the early phases of building activities, there are chances for it to be. The waste hierarchy ( see figure 1 ) establishes waste decrease as one of the highest precedences for turn toing the increasing volumes of waste. The mark for any waste decrease scheme must be to concentrate on chances from the beginning, at the earliest phases of design. Many barriers and chances exist in developing a scheme of waste decrease in design.Opportunities for waste minimization exist in four building countries:1. Undertaking Planing 2. Pre-Construction 3. Off-site Activities 4. On-site ActivitiesUndertaking Planning:During undertaking be aftering stage, it is indispensable that waste direction scheme is made for better net income borders. Focus on riddance of waste is the premier factor. Communicating schemes with client, developer, interior decorator, builder, undertaking director, contractors and providers is really of import. Analysis on waste decrease program should be done.PRE Construction:This phase involves three countries where waste decrease is possible. * Designing: proper and accurate dimensions, suggesting standard stuff sizes, edifice for deconstruction ( can be easy reused if future alterations occur with easiness and minimal wastage ) and operational waste decrease. * Estimating: over appraisal of needed stuffs leads to wastage. * Buying: Buying environmental friendly points, utilizing procurance policy as stipulating makers and providers your exact demands reduces the sum of waste.Off-site ACTIVITIES:AA · Prefabrication: By preassembling frames and trusses, timber waste can be decreased to an extent.On-site ACTIVITIES:* Delivery and storage of stuffs. * Packaging * Separation of stuffs. * Safe disposal of ineluctable waste.WASTE MINIMISATION STRATEGIESPull offing and supervising the different waste watercourses on a building site requires a elaborate waste minimization scheme. This needs careful planning throughout the design, physique and tenancy stages, to guarantee its success, effectivity and conformity with edifice ordinances. There are three basic schemes for covering with waste: cut down, reuse and recycle. Waste bar is the ideal, and this can be addressed foremost by placing possible waste watercourses early on in the physique procedure, and so planing for their minimization. Using standard sizes for edifice constituents ( Windowss, doors etc. ) can forestall future waste, as can plan for deconstruction, utilizing reclaimable constituents. It has been estimated that over telling histories for 13 million metric tons of new edifice stuffs being thrown out every twelvemonth. Better communicating between constructing professionals to guarantee exact computations of needed stuffs are made can intend that this waste is prevented. Just-in-time bringing schemes can farther cut down waste created by improper storage and conditions harm. Once waste has been produced, the best method of pull offing it is through reuse either on the bing site, or a nearby site. Many stuffs can be usefully reclaimed, and even sold to countervail the costs of a edifice undertaking. Recycling stuffs is the concluding option for pull offing waste. Materials that can be reused or recycled demand to be identified early on the physique procedure, and segregated for easy storage, aggregation and transportation. For the scheme to be effectual, links besides need to be established with local recycling and reuse installations and contractors. [ 6 ]OCCUPANCY WASTESustainable edifice pattern goes one measure further than conventional pattern, by planing for waste minimization in the operation of the edifice, through gray H2O recycling, composting lavatories, on site nutrient composting and off-site recycling installations, therefore assisting to cut down residential waste. [ 7 ]Legislative ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT:LANDFILL TAXThe landfill revenu e enhancement purposes to promote waste manufacturers to bring forth less waste, retrieve more value from waste, through recycling or composting, and to utilize more environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal. The revenue enhancement applies to active and inert waste, disposed of at a accredited landfill site.The purposes of the landfill revenue enhancement are:* To advance the ‘polluter wages ‘ rule, by increasing the monetary value of landfill to better reflect its environmental costs ; * To advance a more sustainable attack to blow direction in which less waste is produced and more is recovered or recycled. There are two rates of revenue enhancement. Inactive waste is capable to the lower rate at ?2 per metric ton. Active waste is capable to ?15 per metric ton, lifting at ?3 per metric ton per twelvemonth from 2005/06 towards a long-run rate of ?35 per metric ton. Her Majesty ‘s Customs and Excise has updated its General Note on the Landfill Tax. The counsel replaces the old version ( February 2000 ) to include the alterations to the revenue enhancement liability of stuffs re-used on landfill sites ; licenses issued under ordinances under subdivision 2 of the Pollution Prevention and Control Act ( 1999 ) that authorise sedimentations or disposals in, or on the land ; the alterations to the liability to pay landfill revenue enhancement and alterations to the Landfill Tax Credit Scheme. The Landfill Tax Regulations have been clarified following a legal challenge brought by a waste direction company last twelvemonth. [ 8 ]SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS ( SWMPS )Site Waste Management Plans ( SWMPs ) are an of import tool for building companies and their clients, of all sizes, to better their environmental public presentation, meet regulative controls and cut down lifting costs of disposing of waste. This papers sets out the basic construction of SWMPs and how companies can outdo utilize them to better and pull off their operations at all phases of site activity. It includes utile checklists and other counsel to assist guarantee the Plan is a practical tool. Note that it is non indispensable for there to be a separate SWMP papers for your site – the counsel given here can every bit good be included in a Waste Management Section of an overall Site Environmental Management Plan. [ 9 ]THE PURPOSE OF SWMPS:SWMPs purpose to turn to two cardinal issues:1. Bettering stuffs resource efficiency, by advancing the economic usage of building stuffs and methods so that waste is minimised and any waste that is produced can be re-used, recycled or recovered in other ways before disposal options are explored ; and 2. Reducing fly-tipping, by curtailing the chances available for the illegal disposal of waste by guaranting conformity with bing legal controls and supplying a full audit trail of any waste that is removed from the building site. Although it is a legal demand to compose and implement a SWMP, the greatest cost nest eggs are likely to be achieved as a consequence of the consideration of stuffs resource efficiency which will be a necessary portion of the readying, before the SWMP is drafted. [ 10 ]WASTE AS A VALUABLE RESOURCEEffective waste direction can cut down edifice and operating costs, heighten the repute of the edifice industry, and besides bring forth new gross watercourses through developing recycling and repossessing markets. Reducing building waste besides saves landfill infinite, conserves valuable natural resources, saves energy and creates less pollution by cut downing transit and fabrication procedures, with a extenuating consequence on clime alteration.Decision:Harmoniz ing to the ODPM waste study ( 2001 ) , the C & A ; D industry in Wales produces about 5.02 million metric tons of waste per twelvemonth ; this is about 30 % of all controlled waste originating in Wales. Given the graduated table of the building industry in Wales and the measure of waste produced, it has great possible to take the manner in waste minimization, re-use and recycling. [ 11 ] Waste minimization is now an instituted concern pattern for many administrations and a figure of industries have enforced waste decrease programmes. Reducing waste is a key to a cleaner universe and more competitory industry. It would non be just to reason that edifice services should undergo radical redesign or standardization merely to cut down wastes in building. However, the decrease of waste, in footings of stuffs or clip is good to all because a decrease in cost will ensue in better systems within the same budget. [ 1 ] CIOB. ( ) .Sustainability and Construction.Available: www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/sustainability.pdf? ref=74. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 2 ] CIBSE. ( ) .DESIGNING TO ENCOURAGE WASTE MINIMISATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cibse.org/pdfs/Construction % 20waste % 20minim.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 3 ] CIOB. ( ) .Sustainability and Construction.Available: www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/sustainability.pdf? ref=74. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 4 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Waste bar and minimisation.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/Waste_prevention_minimisation? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 5 ] Perth & A ; Kinross Council. ( 2008 ) .Benefits of waste minimisation.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pkc.gov.uk/Planning+and+the+environment/Waste+and+recycling/Commercial+waste/Waste+minimisation+for+business/Benefits+of+waste+minimisation.htm. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 6 ] Sustainable Build. ( ) .Reducing and Pull offing Waste.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ReducingManagingWaste.html. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 7 ] Sustainable Build. ( ) .Reducing and Pull offing Waste.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ReducingManagingWaste.html. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 8 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Landfill tax.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/landfilltax/ ? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 9 ] dti. ( 2004 ) .SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/site_waste_management_plan.b230bcd7.2323.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 10 ] defra. ( 2008 ) .Non-statutory counsel for site waste direction plans.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/construction/pdf/swmp-guidance.pdf. Last accessed 6 December 2009. [ 11 ] Welsh Assembly Government. ( ) .Construction and Demolition.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waste_recycling/construction_demolition/ ? lang=en. Last accessed 6 December 2009.

Li Ka Shing

Background Li Ka-shing, an icon of Asia’s economic rise in the postwar era, through his businesses employs 270,000 people in more than 50 countries. He also has made personal investments in Facebook and Skype, and is one of the world’s top philanthropists. He started his remarkable career making toys and later, plastic flowers. Succession Li  said his elder son Victor would be his successor at Cheung Kong and Hutchison Whampoa. â€Å"Victor will assume the stakes I hold in the listed firms, including the 40% stake in Cheung Kong and the 35% stake in Canada-listed Husky Energy,† Li told reporters. He will be responsible for Cheung Kong's group business in the future. † The current market value of Li's 40 percent stake in Cheung Kong and his 35 percent stake in Canada-listed Husky Energy is around HK$140 billion (US$18 billion). Victor  has been  the deputy chairman of Cheung Kong since 1994 and managing director since 1999; he is also deputy chairman of Hutchison. Li senior  is the  chairman of both companies. Richard, who ranked No. 960 with wealth of $1. billion on the same list and runs his own telecommunications empire, â€Å"will also have a very successful career†Ã‚  , pledging his â€Å"full support†. The move should help avoid a family feud – â€Å"there will be no conflict† among Victor’s and Richard’s businesses, said Li, who  Forbes  estimates is worth about US$25. 5 billion. Businesses controlled by Richard include PCCW Ltd. , Pacific Century Premium Developments and the HKT Trust. Li said he would support Richard’s  new projects with â€Å"cash,† and  the y ounger son’s assets  would increase â€Å"several-fold† through the father’s support. Richard is in acquisition talks with â€Å"several sizeable companies, Victor now holds two-thirds of Li Ka-shing Unity Holdings Ltd after Richard transferred his one-third holding in the family trust to him on July 16, 2012, according to a filing to the Hong Kong stock exchange. Li Ka-shing will continue to hold the remaining third of the trust, which controls Cheung Kong (Holdings) Ltd, Hutchison Whampoa Ltd and other affiliate companies. Victor has three daughters and a son, Michael, and Richard has three sons, the eldest being Ethan. ttp://www. campdenfb. com/article/li-ka-shing-plans-succession-avoid-family-feud http://www. forbes. com/sites/russellflannery/2012/05/28/hong-kong-in-transition-elite-family-businesses-are-facing-change/ http://english. sina. com/business/p/2012/0721/488324. html Challenge Li’s challenge may be that his model is outdated. Hutchison trades at a discount of 37 percent to its component parts, according to Credit Suisse, suggesting it might be w orth two-thirds more if it were broken up. But while Victor Li is there to ensure continuity, he may create most value by deviating from his predecessor’s grand plans. Recommendations Some of Asia's largest listed companies are family run, and succession plans are tightly held secrets, often only revealed through wills at the death of their founders, leading to bitter internal feuds. It is a positive move of Li to have clear-cut who is having what, avoiding potential struggle for shareholding, and it is good for the long-term stability of the group. Li also assures a loyal follower Victor who shares his values, and the newcomer will be surrounded by a team of long-time Li acolytes. The succession is set to be smooth and no major impact is expected on the management. Victor has been number two at Cheung Kong Holdings and Hutchison Whampoa since the 1990s. There is no surprise for his succession. Besides, there is an insurance policy. Victor will head a board followed his father for long time. Cheung Kong’s directors have served for an average of 21 years. Even the independent directors have served for an average of 19 years. However, continuity alone doesn’t make a legacy. In the Li empire, Victor will need new tactics. Growth of Cheung Kong and Hutchison Whampoa is slowing. They have delivered almost flat returns over the past five years. Victor will need to create a more sustainable, and environmentally less destructive model. http://blogs. reuters. com/breakingviews/2012/05/30/li-ka-shing-opts-for-succession-china-style/

UAV history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UAV history - Essay Example In World War 2, Nazis developed revenge weapon 1, a UAV that could be used in fighting targets not meant for the military. It could move at a speed of 804km/h, and carry 907 kilos of explosives. In 1960s and 70s, US used AQM-34 Ryan to fly more than 34000 surveillance flights. It was a type of UAV that could be launched form a host plane and had operators controlling it within that plane. The US also used lightning bugs a type of UAV that was released from an airborne C-130s for several missions over china and Vietnam. In late 1970s and 80s, Israel came up with the scout and pioneer which may be a representative of the modern type of UAV used today. It was capable of transmitting live video with a view of 360 degrees [2]. Due to their small size, these UAVs were cost effective to produce and difficult to shoot them. USA acquired them from Israel and used them in the gulf war. In the 20th century, the development of the predator drone saw the UAVs remain in the war front. One example is the MQ-1 predator that was useful in the warfront and is still crucial even

This is a memo for record. Im in the army and Im trying to change my Personal Statement

This is a memo for record. Im in the army and Im trying to change my job from Patriot Missile Operator to Civil Affairs specialist - Personal Statement Example More importantly, I check, adjust and load the M60 machine gun and I engage hostile targets with the Patriot weapon. There are several reasons why I want to be reclassed as a Civil Affairs Specialist. Foremost among these is because I would like to face new challenges having experienced being a Patriot already for seven years. I am convinced that being a Civil Affairs Specialist will present more options for my future career path, it being a position which will train me in both military and non-military operations. Moreover, the training that I will derive from the position will enhance my analytical skills in conducting research. Furthermore, I am very much interested in the field of political science and this position will definitely expose me to international militaries and governments. I feel that being with ARSOF will help me pursue my dream of becoming a Civil Engineer. I yearn to be a member of the Special Operations community which encompasses several aspects of Army life. I believe that I can be an asset to the ARSOF community because of my varied experience and tremendous technical know-how in the field of missile operations and intelligence information. ARSOF will benefit from my familiarity in working with different military structures and the air defense field from different countries such as Germany, Greece, Netherlands and Korea. I trust that I possess the qualifications and skills needed for a responsible Civil Affairs

Is there an 'ideal' approach to restaurant design and what Essay

Is there an 'ideal' approach to restaurant design and what elements create an emotional attachment to the consumer - Essay Example motional, intellectual or spiritual manner, meaning that people have varying experiences, since experience is a personal internal reaction to the events in the surrounding. Among the modern businesses that have adopted the interior design and customer emotional connection approach are restaurants, which consider this more of business strategy as ideal in improving the customer experience and loyalty. This paper seeks to analyze the interior design in restaurants and to discover how they create an emotional attachment with customers. It investigates the key design factors such as lighting, materials, forms and objects in order to have a deeper understanding as to why people have an emotional attachment to restaurants. It presents an analysis of different theories as proposed by different authors, and compares each of such theories with the other. The analysis details are then used in the determination of the ideal approach to design in restaurants and what elements create an emotional attachment to the consumer. Customers visit restaurants in order to enjoy the food, as well as to have the experiences in business negotiations, communication, together with other ranges of social activities. Therefore, the restaurants offer integrated functions expected of a living room, dining room, courtyard, meeting room, or the playground, and this enhances place attachment for the customers. Place attachment is viewed as â€Å"a positive emotional attachment to a place indicated by individuals through excitement, belonging, satisfaction and dependency they have towards it† ( Maharani, p. 183). In this case, the customer must have a satisfactory experience of all the senses, including the smell, hearing, sight, as well as haptic. In the interior design practices, sight is seen to have a dominant role in the desired customer experience. Therefore, designs give much attention to material, color, illumination, and formation. On the other hand, other senses that include hearing,

Peking Duck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peking Duck - Essay Example I grew in a family where eating is the most important task. We had a belief that, by eating, we get to live well. My family was a middle class one. We only became rich when I joined middle school. My father chose to appreciate the fact of getting rich by tasting every cuisine. He became the biggest gourmet worldwide. We also chose to join him as gourmets. My dad was never a duck eater because he was the origin of south china where they do not eat duck. Surprisingly, he has a passion for Peking duck just like my mother and I. The problem of eating Peking duck is that we could not have it cooked at home. We had to travel so to have it cooked. We marked the best and famous restaurant where we could have our Peking duck cooked. Quanjude is the restaurant we liked most. Travelling to this restaurant was another challenge of its own. Beijing being a huge city is affected by bad traffic. Often, we stayed for long hours at the traffic jam before reaching the restaurant. We had every reason of eating Peking duck more than the reasons we had for our lives. We had a belief that all cuisines have their own different stories. We had the great pleasure of having a delicious meal together as a family. Peking duck has been found to be the main cuisine on the menus of The Imperial Court. This dish inspired poets and the poems. As we can discover in the collection of the poems, the verse of Duan Zhu ZhiCi mentioned of roasted duck. Pecking duck became the symbol of China in the mid-20th century. Many tourists and diplomats showed great interest of Peking duck making it famous among the people in China (McMeel 5). Peking ducks have been served severally during meals in the big meetings of the famous people between the Chinese. With this great history, am happy that Peking duck is my favorite dish. If I can get the stereotyping part of this story, I am tempted to believe I can also be famous by eating Peking duck. I chose

Differentiate between the different types of cryptographic algorithms Essay

Differentiate between the different types of cryptographic algorithms - Essay Example These are secret key cryptography, public key cryptography and hash functions (Schneier, 2007). First, secret key algorithms are also known as symmetric key algorithms. The major feature of symmetric algorithms is the single key for encryption and decryption. This means that, the sender of the information uses a particular key to encrypt the plain text to cipher text sent to the receiver. After receiving information in the form of cipher text, the recipient uses the same key to decrypt the received message (Kessler, 2014). The single key used must be known to both sender and receiver of the message only. Therefore, the message sent is secret and only accessible by either sender or receiver. The second cryptographic algorithms are the public key cryptography. It is also known as asymmetric key cryptography. Public key cryptography involves two related keys although knowledge of one key cannot be used in determining the other key. The sender of the message uses one key to encrypt the plain text while the receiver uses another different key to decrypt the message. The public key can be revealed publicly while only the message owner uses the private key (Kessler, 2014). Lastly, in Hash functions, a computed based hash value of a fixed length is used upon a plain text making it secure and unrecoverable. In most cases, harsh algorithms provide a â€Å"digital fingerprint† of files to ensure that no alteration occur on the file. In addition, hash functions are used to encrypt passwords in many operating systems (Schneier,

Topic Of Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Of Choice - Essay Example It is particularly the case of US traffic situation. How serious is the problem of traffic congestion? This is a question that has almost been neglected for an enquiry. Or people are just careless about public matters in the blind pursuit of personal interests and comforts. However, as the USA Today reports, â€Å"The nations traffic problems are getting worse faster than they can be fixed — even in small cities such as Brownsville, Texas, and Pensacola, Fla.† (Traffic problems take big bite of commuters time. 2004). The problem of congestion is more severe in urban areas and factors like the design of the area, geographic features, weather, collisions and vehicle breakdowns and many such, cause this problem. There are, of course, solutions that may effectively solve this. First of all, the allotment of funds is not sufficient to take the necessary action. Even the allotted fund is not efficiently managed, i.e. it is not used on priority basis. The development of highways and transit systems is not in accordance with the problem of congestion. The capacity expansion of the existing roads and construction of new roads are of prime importance. Public transportation improvement projects would enable more productivity from the existing ones, thus working as a solution. Greater efficiency of the transportation system can help a lot in this regard. More efficient alternate systems must be aimed at, thus encouraging the public reduce the traffic congestion. The transport system needs to be better managed to make the public use more of the public transportation system rather than individual vehicles. The more the public transportation used, the lesser the traffic congestion will be. Public transportation at peak hours should be becomes the most significant reason for the traffic congestion is the increasing number of private vehicles. â€Å"So, the most important solution to the problem of traffic congestion is the

Reference Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reference Letter - Essay Example skills, that she is able to work under pressure, she is able to work independently, she is a team member, and she has good communication skills to work with her colleagues and with the customers. She demonstrated that she is able to solve problems that may arise with the customers to obtain positive results and customer satisfaction. Her duties involved but not limited to: filing, entering data in our database, and assisted other officers in carrying out departmental duties. She was always eager to assist others in their tasks and made suggestions when difficulties arose. She has not only an interest in learning in the accounting field but she is also eager to help as a volunteer. She demonstrated as an Intern in our company that she is capable of fulfilling her tasks in a graceful manner. Her desires to continuously learn are good assets which are part of her personality, to be able to continue her studies as a graduate student in Accounting at your university. I wholeheartedly recommend Ms. _______ (complete name) to continue her graduate degree at the University of Toronto as she will be an asset to your institution and an asset to the accounting field. Should you have any questions concerning Ms. ________ (complete name) please feel free to contact me at your earliest convenience I will be happy to answer any questions. I hope that Ms. ________ (last name) gives me the good news that she will be attending the University of Toronto as a graduate accounting

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover letter - Essay Example accountant is extensive, with reputation of effectiveness, efficiency, an immediate positive connection to the clients, and minimal supervision but within the team environment. As a member of your company’s accounting team, I will provide reliability, efficiency, accuracy with figures, honesty, maturity, knowledge of legal and general office practices, and opportunism for tackling challenges. I find working under intense pressure with a dedicated financial team very satisfying. I have attached my resume for your perusal and review, and I hope that if you find any questions that require my clarifications you will contact me at the telephone numbers above. Mr. Fredrick, my aim is to establish a convenient timeframe that we can meet and discuss how my professionalism, enthusiasm, and talent may add value to your company’s operations. Thank you for considering my candidacy. I am looking forward to speaking with

The influence of Nature and Nurture Essay Example for Free

The influence of Nature and Nurture Essay Can the influence of Nature and Nurture on two souls be compared? Nature and Nurture both determine Hucks and Jims personality ad behavior. Nature gives them their inborn traits often. Nature is how they are treated, and Nurture is the society, who natures them, and society nurtured them. Nature helps Huck become the person he is because the way your treated is the way you treat other people at times. Huck is thirteen whose place in society is second to a slave, like Jim. Hucks father is a drunk who takes care of Huck from time to time. Repeatedly Huck is filthy and left homeless. The nurturing society has failed to protect Huck from his father, because they didnt care for him, and nurture him. That doesnt go for everyone though, Widow Douglas took Huck in and tried to ameliorate Huck. Huck starts church and proper schooling. Even though Huck is a child the nurturing that he receives pushes him away from the cynicism of the world around him, which brings about another way nurturing has made who Huck is. At this time of age, African Americans were still in bondage as slaves, which brings about Jim in the story. Society does not nurture Jim; instead they treat him as an object of property. Huck doesnt agree with this though, according to Hucks sense of dialectic and fairness its not only acceptable but conscientiously good to help Jim. Hucks natural reasoning and his acquiescence to think through a situation on its own entitlement is what leads him to some conclusions that are right in their appurtenance but would clash society. An example is when he meets a group of slave-hunters, that telling a lie is sometimes the right course of action, in other words that sometimes lying is the right thing to do. Because Huck is a child, the world appears to be new to him. Everything he does is an instant for thought. Because of Hucks past he does more than just bestow the rules that he has learned; Huck invents his own rules. Nevertheless, Huck is not indispensably a kind of autonomous ethical genius. Huck struggles with some of the prejudgment about African Americans, which society has inveterate in him. Unfortunately Huck ensue Tom Sawyers lead. These flaws are of Huck because nature nurtured him this way. This shows you  that these flaws are a important element of what makes Huck enticing and compassionate. However Huck is still a boy and consequently deceptive. Impaired as Huck is, he symbolizes what everyone is able of becoming rational, feeling human being rather than a sprocket in the dogmatic instrument of society. What makes Jim who he is Nature. If society didnt treat him as an object he would be able to become better in all aspects. In the story Huckleberry Finn Jim is Hucks friend that travels the Mississippi River with him. In the story Jim is portrayed as man of outstanding intellectual, and that he shows compassion to people, even if they dont show it to him. When I first read about Jim he was portrayed as an idiot, but as I read further I found out that this was not true. Nature enabled Jim from acting boldly or speaking his mind, which at times made him seem like he wasnt intelligent. Even though he is held down by Natures way of nurturing him, Jim still finds it somewhere in his heart to be one of the most compassionate and caring person in this novel, and further more he cares for Huck, like a father would and like a friend. For example Jim cooks for Huck and shelters him from the incidents like when he finds Pas corpse, and kept it from him. Overall Jim I believe that Jim cannot control the way Natures nurtures him, and Huck, is the goodness in the society, even though Nature in its nurturing ways corrupted Huck.

Romantic God Child

Romantic God Child The Romantic period began in the mid-eighteenth century and lasted till about the mid-nineteenth century. It is characterized by a reaction against the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism centuries. They preferred the country to city and the natural instead of the planned. They write in a more free lyric; therefore, stimulating the language of the common people. They would emphasize in the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the visionary, and the transcendental. An easy way to think about the Romantic writers is they are natural. They also had many literary forms of writing: Gothic tales, sentimental comedies, sentimental novels, historical novels, serialized fictions, metrical romances, ballads, and lyrics. When discussing the lyric form there is different ways to write a lyric. One is the sonnet which is idealized with love, nature lyric that celebrates the majesty of nature, dramatic monologue is a speech of an individual character, reflective lyric is used for public or priv ate dignity which personal emotion is involved, and lyric of morbid melancholy expresses the sorrow and pain of bereavement. In William Blakes â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, both innocence and experience is a life lesson of a little boy. Blake is known for his traditional ballad style of writing. In his stories â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† both innocence and experience, I find that they both have a turning in upon self and a heightened examination of human personality. Though it may not jump out at you, I found the children to be turning themselves to God. One turning towards God, and the other away. As a young child we are unsure about the truth about God and ourselves. We also will believe what we are told and anything we are told. In the innocence version of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† young Toms dream made him examine his life and turn himself to self, self being God. All Tom needed was a dream. In the occurrence of having this dream about his friends and seeing them in black coffins, and seeing an angel suddenly appear to free them. Tom knew then there is a God and he can and will see his friends again. As he wakes up the next morning he is a much happier boy, knowing that he will get the chance to have fun with Dick, Joe, Ned, and Jack. Tom examined his life so he could go on living with a faith and knowing that he will be in heaven one day, by doing that he turned himself to self (God). As a young child all it took was a dream, but for an older adult it takes much more. As Tom grows-up I think his faith will grow much stronger. I would wonder why is that? We should h ave all have the faith like Tom did, in just a dream. It worked for Martin Luther King Jr. In the experience version of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† you will find a different story and a different type of faith. As you walk down the snowy street you will find and young boy doubting his faith in self and complaining about his life. He says that he may act happy to his parents but he is not. He does not like how his parents dress him or what they make him learn, but he acts happy to them. This little boy blames his unhappiness on God. The one that his parents go into the church to worship while he must sit outside and smile and act happy all dressed in clothes of death. This little boy is examining himself, but also others around him, comparing himself to the other children playing and having fun. This young boy is turning himself away from God. And as this young man grows his faith in God will only seize to become more hateful. Even though people may view and look upon the Romantic period as love stories and heroes, it is like anything else in life, it is not what it seems. The Romantic times also had their dark times and talked of unhappiness. Still they had their own taste in literature, they spoke more modern, more natural or you could say more down to earth. They relied more on themselves and what happens in the everyday life, not a crazy imagination. Their thought began with their feelings and test for truth was an inner test. I think that Blake shows us all how the true test is within. That we must examine our lives and faith in God before anything else. That without God we will be like the little boy in the experience version of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† and we will blame God for everything, even the things that we should not.

The Concept Of Internal Audit Accounting Essay

The Concept Of Internal Audit Accounting Essay Internal auditing, it is not a new term for the world of organization. The concept of internal audit is old like 5000 years, at that time people of civilized communities which were economically and politically stable used this approach to check effectiveness of their taxes and businesses so they can check errors and safe the state property from dishonest taxpayers. In modern world especially in the United States this approach rise after the Second World War and steadily growing. Internal audit has much similarity with financial auditing and a number of theories are derived from management consulting and public accounting. Definition: Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. Internal audit is a preventive action of a company and it is done by the professionals or experts of that company. These professionals called internal auditor and they evaluate internal control system of the company. This study or audit report is submitted to management and from this report they can take steps for improvements. In requirement part of ISO 9001:2000 it is found in the monitoring and measurement section which gives idea that it is an activity that measures implementation of quality management system. Scopes and objectives of internal auditing: Objectives: The main objective of an internal audit in the company is to improve quality and reduce risk by evaluating the effectiveness of process. Other than this internal audit is done for checking financial and operating informations reliability, to safe assets from loss, resource management, established process or program me is following its objective and compliance with policies, laws and regulations, identification which area needed improvement, verification of cGMP compliance. Scopes: Internal audits main scope is assuring quality in respected area which is under the audit procedure. Design, approval and evaluation of product should comply with GMP. Ensure quality in GMP implementation, performance of staff, feedbacks. Include documents, instruction and records and covering all parts of GMP. Principles and Requirements of internal audit: As per ISO 9000 standards require maintenance of document evidence for internal audit process. Document evidence must include: who is executing the internal audit, which department is under the audit, describing whole process, supervision after internal audit plan and where the results are documented. These are the some common principles that applied at the time of internal audit implementation. Internal audit is independent and evidence based approach. All activities of internal audit should be reviewed by independent party, have a sampling and tracking line and they are open and constructive. Insure all resources are available before starting audit. Auditor: Auditor is a employee of the company with sufficient experience and background who conduct the internal audit. Though he is an employee of the firm he has to audit his colleagues and their performance and for this he has some abilities that audit results are not affected by his personal relation. For this he has to be ethical, open minded, diplomatic, observer, versatile, persistence, decisive and independent. Patience is needed in auditing and so the auditor must be cool and need to see what the actual situation in the organization. Generally people dont like to be audited and for this he makes lot of effort psychologically to get the real answer and avoid the conflict. In the audit period he has main one objective put the real status of the organization to top management. Internal Audit process: For successful audit it is required effective communication between management and auditor. To obtain effectiveness and in time audit it is necessary that auditor do not go depth in every item and take a quick overview and focus on the parts which do not comply with the company policies. Every audit is unique; the audit process is containing these four stages which are commonly found in every audit: Planning of audit ( review and preliminary phase) Performing an audit ( field work phase) Audit report ( documentation phase) Change implementation ( follow-up phase) 1. Planning of an audit (review and preliminary phase) In the stating of an audit management do a meeting to plan about auditor that who will handle the audit, objectives and scopes of an audit, which area should be cover under the audit, which criteria should be considered, gather information about important processes, prepare paper work and distribution of audit plan. 2. Performing an audit (field work phase) After planning now it is time to implement audit procedure but there is no common way that auditor perform the audit. An auditor should looking what is requirement, which way the process can be improved, gathering and analyzing information and making best conclusion on his effort. Keep in mind that internal audit is not always done for the improvement or find out defects, it also recognize individuals who are putting their outstanding efforts. The following procedure is generally followed in each audit: In starting of audit process the auditor first make a meeting with the head of area which is going to be audited, explaining him scope and objective of this effort and making him relax for the audit. Auditor will study all processes carefully and their outcome, here auditor checking that processes is operating in conformance of companys quality management system. He gathers information by asking open-ended question about process and personal competence. Auditor make notes about data he got during the various point of audit process. Auditor analyzes all the data he found and ask himself that is process running in compliance with companys policy? Or process needs improvement. Before reaching the conclusion he take all the aspects of audit in consideration, is there any failure event appeared, any area needs to be considered improvement? Are there any individuals or departments displayed uncommon behavior? In the end of his fieldwork the auditor, hold the closing meeting with head of the area in presence of plant manager. Explain him positive and negative outcome of his study and corrective actions for that. He tries to resolve any disagreement on his conclusion in this meeting. 3. Audit report (documentation phase) It is most difficult part of the process. An auditor should write brief and clear summery of his finding, which includes both positive and negative outcomes of his study. These positive outcomes may help company for improvement. The data or findings must be truthful, scope and objective oriented, and written in manner that management can easily understand that and can take corrective action from that. Audit report is a official record that should contain: scope, criteria and objective of an audit, Auditors information, time and area where auditing done, outcomes of audit (positive and negative), a closing statement. 4. Change implementation (follow-up phase) During this phase the non compliance is submitted to quality committee. The quality committee studies the report submitted by an Auditor and checking all the non compliances are in fact differ from the companys quality management system. Upon agreement that process or item is none conforming, the quality committee takes action to correct it and gives responsibility for this correction to suitable person with time limit. During correction quality committee observe the process of correction and after change is implemented and process or item working in compliance with companys policy, committee ask the same person for follow up inspection. The Auditor check in same manner as he done before and check the difference in outcome, if it is compliance with quality management system of company than he give the satisfactory report to the management. The whole process is documented that it could be useful for future study. Audit activities Evaluation of an auditor Monitoring and reviewing Identifying correction Preventive action Opportunities for improvement Implementation Scheduling Evaluating Selecting auditor Monitoring audit Planning Scope Objectives Resources Guidelines Start the Audit programme PLAN Improvement actions Act DO CHECK Fig. 1. Process flow diagram of internal auditing Internal controls: Internal control is a major part of an internal auditing and evaluation of internal controls is one of the primaries objectives of internal auditing. In auditing internal controls can be defined as process affected by organizations structure, employee and management information system, authority and work flow, designed to fulfill organizations scope and objectives. These are common objectives for internal control: effective and efficient operations, reliable financial reports, compliance with laws and policies, protecting assets of organization. Internal controls are divided in main two categories preventive controls (designated to prevent errors and irregularities from occurring) and detective controls (designed to find out errors and irregularities after they have occurred). The examples of internal control activities are separation of duties, authorization, proper documentation, control over assets, variance analysis, monitoring operations. A question arise that who take the responsibility for internal controls, its not only a job of internal auditor. Every employee of the organization is responsible for maintenance of internal controls. Internal audit assist management to evaluate and promote internal control system. Risk management: Internal audit play an important role in risk assessment and evaluation of processes which have significant risks. Risk management is process that in which way organizations sets its objectives and then evaluates and analyzes the risks which can produce impact to realize its objective. In regular basis organization applied strategic, marketing or capital planning, budgeting, and hedging to evaluate the risk. Internal audit evaluate all this activities and processes applied by the management to report and monitor potential risk identified. These are some core roles of internal audit in risk management: assuring risk management process, assuring evaluation of risks and evaluation of risk management process, key risks evaluation and reviewing them to the management, assisting management in responding of risks, developing risk management framework and coordinating all activities. Internal audit vs. External audit: External audit: In External audit organization contact person (auditor) outside of the firm who audits organizations financial statement and submit a report to the management. External auditor differs from internal auditor mainly in two ways: (1) internal auditor mainly focuses on risk management and internal control framework, (2) internal auditor do not form an opinion on organizations financial statements. Some similarities also there between internal and external auditor: Both internal and external auditor examines and evaluates many transactions. Both report if the procedures are poor and ignorance in adhering them. They both deeply involved in information system and based on discipline and work with profession standards. Both are concerned for occurrence of errors and they are tied with internal control system of organization. Both give formal report of their activities. factor Internal audit External audit objective

The Ford Mustang Essay -- History, Sports Car

A highly popular muscle and sports car, the Ford Mustang functions as a daily driver, weekend warrior, and a show winning work of mechanical art. Whether someone just needs a basic transportation to get from point A to point B, an eight second quarter-mile beast, or a show stopping work of power and beauty, Ford has produced a Mustang for every need. The Mustang got its name from the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane (Harris). The â€Å"five generations† evolved each year model until, in response to the 1971-1973 models, Ford returned the car to its original size and concept in 1974 (Bowling). The first generation of the Mustangs appeared in 1964 and lasted through 1973. On March 9, 1964, the first Mustang, a Wimbledon white convertible with a 260 cu in V8 engine, rolled off the assembly line in Dearborn, Michigan. A month later on April 17, 1964, the Ford Mustang made its world debut at the World’s Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York (Kelly). The first model Mustang the early 1965, or as many like to call it the 1964 and one-half Mustang, interests me the most because of its unique design and style. The rareness of this year’s Mustang fascinates me because so little are left; over the years people have either crushed or cut them up and made race cars out of them, which makes me sad to see these rare, fascinating cars go to waste. When the 1964 and one half debuted, only a coupe and a convertible could be purchased featuring a base 170 cu in six-cylinder engine with a three-speed floor shift transmission, also available with a 260 cu in V8 engine, in addition to a four-speed manual transmission or a three-speed â€Å"Cruise-O-Matic† transmission. The interior featured â€Å"wall-to-wall† c... ...e, but this year marked the release of the GT California Special package on GT premium models and the release of the Shelby GT and the Shelby GT 500, capable of producing 500 horsepower. The year 2009 marked the release of the GT 500 KR. The glass top was the only major change to the body style this year. In 2010, the Mustang featured a new redesign. The Mustang had more power and featured a revised interior and exterior (Jackson1). In 2011, Ford brought back the 5.0-liter engine in the new Mustang, because, once again, Ford listened to the consumers. The tail lamps, the only major change to the body style of the Mustang this year, set higher up on the car. The Ford Mustang always sticks to its heritage; many people have heard of it and no matter how fast or how new, it’s always noticeable with its American muscle car symbol, the galloping mustang.

Appalachian Poverty Essay -- Poverty in America

Appalachian Poverty Poverty is a global problem, and it has existed from the beginning of civilization. Hunger, homelessness, and lack of health care are major aspects of this world-wide dilemma. Many countries are in complete poverty and a majority are third-world countries. Within the United States of America, a land of plenty, there are also pockets of extreme poverty. Governments around the world are trying to solve this huge problem. Third world poverty and Appalachian poverty, which occurred in the United States of America, have developed for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. Throughout the world, poverty has plagued all countries. In smaller, under-developed countries many people die from starvation. These countries can not afford to support their citizens. Due to their financial problems, the people lack proper shelter and clothing to keep themselves warm during cold months. Since they lack adequate shelter and clothing, diseases occur all over. These diseases develop a lot easier with poor nutrition. Once again with more financial problems, health care is limited to none. Lawrence Senesh, the contributor of "Poverty as a Social Problem" from World Book, says poverty is usually caused by the difficulty in holding and even getting a job(650). Ability, education, and skills help determine the kind of job an individual gets (650). Horten 2 Everyone does not have the same physical abilities and mental abilities. Poor health and abilities prevent some people from holding a job. Through science people have been able to hold onto jobs a lot easier (650). It has increased the need for professional workers and lowered the demand for the unskilled (650). So, the people with higher education will get paid a higher income, and people with lower education will get paid a lower income. Changes in economic slumps can often bring poverty. When businesses drop off and production declines people lose jobs without warning (650). Poverty is also caused by social conditions, such as racial discrimination (Blacks, Asians, and Mexicans) (650). Whites are usually the ones who do the discriminating (650). There are a variety of third-world countries in the world. A third world country is a country that is economically depressed and continues to grieve. Examples of third wor... ...achia." U.S. News and World Report 6 May 1996 : 62-63. Ralston, Jeannie. "Bark grinders and fly minders tell a tale of Appalachia." Smithsonian February 1996: 44-53. Ralston, Jeannie. "In the Heart of Appalachia." National Geographic February 1993: 112. Senesh Lawerence. "Poverty as a Social Problem." World Book 1977: 650-650a. Winerip, Michael. "What's a nice Jewish lawyer like John Rosenberg doing in Appalachia?" New York Times Magazine 29 June 1997 :25-27. ii Appalachian Poverty Thesis statement: Third world poverty and Appalachian poverty, which occurred in the United States of America, have come about for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. I. World-Wide poverty A. Third world poverty 1. Lack of Social Security 2. Lack of nutrition 3. Lack of financial stability B. First world poverty 1. New York 2. West Virginia II. United States of America poverty A. Cause of poverty 1. Unemployment 2. Racial dicrimination B. Effects of poverty 1. National shame iii 2. More poverty C. Resolution to poverty 1. Improve education 2. Improve technology

Race and Racial Group Essay

Search the Internet for groups and organizations promoting racial equality to help you complete this assignment. You may also refer to the Internet Resource Directory in Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Using the information from the text and your web search: Identify one racial group from the list below:  · Hispanic American/Latino Write a 500- to 750-word paper from one of the perspectives below:  · A historian writing about the racial group in a book chapter  · A news reporter writing a newspaper article or blog entry about the racial group  · An individual member of the racial group, writing a personal letter to a friend who is not a member of that racial group Answer the following questions:  · What have been the experiences of this racial group throughout U.S. history?  · What have been the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history?  · What legislation meant to constrain race within prejudicial boundaries was enacted? How did the various groups you researched fight this legislation? What legislation meant to alleviate prejudicial boundaries has been enacted? How did the various groups you researched promote this legislation? Assignment: Historical Report on Race Purpose of Assignment Students explore a variety of resources on racial equality and write a paper from a historical perspective relating to the experiences of a particular racial group in the United States. By understanding the history of experiences of various groups, students will be better prepared to connect historical experience to racial diversity today. Resource Required Internet Resource Directory in Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups

The Pursuit of Happyness

â€Å"The Pursuit of Happyness† The movie it’s about a man called Christopher Gardner that lives with his wife and son in a small apartment. They have a low budget and are going thru a very difficult time economically and it could come to a point where they can lose everything and even get apart. This man invested the family savings in this kind of machines called â€Å"Bone Density scanner’’ thinking he was going to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They thought it was going to be a great result, but it turned out the opposite way. In life not everything that seems bright as gold.The Gardner family where trying to survive the most that they can. While the days were passing it was getting worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesn’t seem to come together for him. This financial thing that were going on suddenly breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife th at leaves him and his son and moves to New York. His wife wanted to take their son with her because she said that every children should be with their mom, but Christopher said that it’s very true, but he said that he could take better care of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his bank account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs all over but he couldn’t find anything, until finally he decided to do an stockbroker internship position at Dean Witter, competing for one career for six months with getting any salary at all with twenty other candidates for that position and only one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he wanted. He was being a father and a mother at the same time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile, they were homeless and he was going thru all the difficulties with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was determined to make it and not giving up, in another words with the little that they had they were trying to survive. What it seemed impossible turned possible because after all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a wonderful result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his son’s lives change from the darkness past to a brightness present. In conclusion, this movie it’s amazing and great.It inspired me a lot because it teach me that no matter what are you going thru or what you face in life there’s nothing impossible and giving up is not an option. It doesn’t matter how many times you fall, what it matters it’s how many times you stand up and keep moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but it’s up to you how you decided to face it and deal with it and besides that it’s the result that you are going to obtain. These word s of the movie â€Å"Don’t ever let somebody tell you†¦You can’t do something† â€Å"You got a dream†¦ you got to protect it.People can’t do something themselves, they want to tell you, you can’t do it. If you want something go get it. Period† they inspired me a lot because you can’t let anyone bring you down and tell you that you’re a nobody and that you can’t do anything just because they haven’t gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I leave with this saying â€Å"What it looks impossible for man, it’s possible for God†. The Pursuit of Happyness â€Å"The Pursuit of Happyness† The movie it’s about a man called Christopher Gardner that lives with his wife and son in a small apartment. They have a low budget and are going thru a very difficult time economically and it could come to a point where they can lose everything and even get apart. This man invested the family savings in this kind of machines called â€Å"Bone Density scanner’’ thinking he was going to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They thought it was going to be a great result, but it turned out the opposite way. In life not everything that seems bright as gold.The Gardner family where trying to survive the most that they can. While the days were passing it was getting worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesn’t seem to come together for him. This financial thing that were going on suddenly breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife th at leaves him and his son and moves to New York. His wife wanted to take their son with her because she said that every children should be with their mom, but Christopher said that it’s very true, but he said that he could take better care of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his bank account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs all over but he couldn’t find anything, until finally he decided to do an stockbroker internship position at Dean Witter, competing for one career for six months with getting any salary at all with twenty other candidates for that position and only one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he wanted. He was being a father and a mother at the same time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile, they were homeless and he was going thru all the difficulties with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was determined to make it and not giving up, in another words with the little that they had they were trying to survive. What it seemed impossible turned possible because after all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a wonderful result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his son’s lives change from the darkness past to a brightness present. In conclusion, this movie it’s amazing and great.It inspired me a lot because it teach me that no matter what are you going thru or what you face in life there’s nothing impossible and giving up is not an option. It doesn’t matter how many times you fall, what it matters it’s how many times you stand up and keep moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but it’s up to you how you decided to face it and deal with it and besides that it’s the result that you are going to obtain. These word s of the movie â€Å"Don’t ever let somebody tell you†¦You can’t do something† â€Å"You got a dream†¦ you got to protect it.People can’t do something themselves, they want to tell you, you can’t do it. If you want something go get it. Period† they inspired me a lot because you can’t let anyone bring you down and tell you that you’re a nobody and that you can’t do anything just because they haven’t gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I leave with this saying â€Å"What it looks impossible for man, it’s possible for God†.

Environment Issues Essay

The case â€Å"Environment Issues† presents how environmental issues have shifted from the margins to obtaining central place on the international agenda. In particular, John Vogler touches the issues of climate change, sustainable development, environment degradation, and the importance of international cooperation. Contemporary world is experiencing environment degradation because of continuing environment pollution and global clime changes. Global warming is the major concern of researchers. Moreover, new forms of transnational pollution appear as, for example, acid rains. Such problems, as global climate change and thinning of the ozone layers, are truly global in scale. The author stresses that in the late 19th century environment politics was strictly limited, but since 1960s the issues has gained international concern meaning that environmental problems have acquired transnational and global dimension. The process of environmental protection was stimulated by three UN conferences of 1972, 1992 and 2002 that stressed the importance of international cooperation in fighting global environmental challenges. The key function of international cooperation is argued to regulate transnational environment problems and to sustain global commons. In other words, international cooperation doesn’t simply established governance regimes; moreover, it embraces agreements between states concerning the major environment issues. Nonetheless, international cooperation often neglects the pursuit of power and status in their discussion, although international meetings often reflect struggles for national and international advantage. It means that many organizations are seeking ways to maintain their financial and staff resources and to ensure better place within UN system. The problem is that international cooperation meetings may become just a way to issue declarations aimed at persuading the government and people that something is being done. However, the reality is that environmental conditions are deteriorating and it seems that nothing is done to fight climate change and to decrease air and water pollution. Transboundary trade is related to pollution control. Thus, the long-term function of international cooperation is to regulate transnational environment problems as animals, water and pollution are crossing frontiers. Joint efforts are promoted by multilateral and regional agreements as it gives an opportunity to manage resources and to control water and air pollution. The most important functions of the state are taxing and promoting trade. Thus, imposing restrictions on international trade may be used as one of instrument of nature conservation. Relations between international trade and environmental deterioration are broader than they are presented in researches. For example, green activists claim that international trade damages environment, destroys agriculture and encourages environmentally damaging transportation of goods. International cooperation is needed for developing environmental norms and for assisting participation of developing countries. The role of international cooperation is crucial to contemporary world as it provides governance regimes and regulations for the global commons. Further, the author underlines the problem of global climate change, especially the challenge of global warming and ozone layer problem. Scientists have been long debating over the problems of ozone layer thinning and greenhouse effect, but only in the end of the 20th century international consensus started to monitor the issue. Scientists have failed to come to an agreement whether human-induced changes in mean temperatures have led to global climate changes. Vogler says that greenhouse effect negatively affect the life on the Earth because greenhouse gases are insulating the surface by trapping solar radiation. Industrial revolution has negatively affected environmental. See, before industrial revolution the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was not more than 280 parts per million, whereas the concentration has significantly grown because of burning of fossil fuels. One more negative consequence is that methane emissions have grown exponentially with the growth of agriculture. Vogler stresses â€Å"if nothing is done to curb intensive fossil fuel emissions, there will be a likely rise in mean temperatures of the order of 2. 4-6. 4 grad C by 2099†. (p. 361) Turbulent weather conditions and seal level rise are expected. The results of climate change are presented as following: melting glaciers, increasing flood risks, reducing water suppliers, declining annual crop yields, rising sea levels, increasing vulnerability of ecosystems, etc. It is argued that the warmer the world gets the faster the climate changes as higher temperatures are associated with increases chances of triggering abrupt and large-scale changes. Climate catastrophe can be avoided in case the temperature increase is held below 2 grades. Moreover, concentration of carbon dioxide should be kept below 550 ppm. Scientific community fears that the 21st century will be marked by unusual weather patterns, melting of polar ice sheets and stormy events. If not managed, climate change will cause threatening changes in living conditions and will challenge patterns of energy use and its security. Kyoto protocol appeared to be the first step on the long road to preventing further climate change. Kyoto protocol bound most of developed and developing countries to set emission cuts, although some scientists argue that Kyoto protocol is not wholly adequate in terms of global warming problem. The USA refused to sign the Kyoto protocol and scientists argue it is impossible to proceed without the USA as the country produces more than 25% of carbon dioxide emissions. The Kyoto target may be achieved by 2012, and even this figure remains uncertain. Climate change is characterized by all-embracing nature and is claimed to be rooted in essential human activities. Climate change challenges international environment cooperation. Vogler admits that environmental scientists are interested in identifying conditions under which international environmental cooperation has emerged as a response of environmental challenges. Of course, the scientists’ arguments differ in their attitudes towards international environmental regime, shared scientific knowledge and impact of non-government actors. Scientists relate environmental changes to armed conflict stressing that traditional thinking about environmental security should be defined in terms of attacks upon the state. Vogler concludes that climate change, especially global warming and greenhouse effect, remains the most painful problem of the 21st century. The rise of environmental issues is associated with globalization, resource depletion, increased consumption levels, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Globalization has contributed developing transnational green policies and intervention programs. International environment tries to respond to climate changes by establishing global environmental governance through international environmental cooperation. Environmental Issues: Opinion I think that environmental issues raised in the paper are very important to contemporary world as environmental conditions are still deteriorating and it seems that nothing is actually done to regulate global warming, greenhouse effect and sea level rise. When reviewing the issues, Vogler is persuasive and valid as all the arguments are supported with real-life examples, in-depth economic analysis and Vogler cites viewpoints of respectable researchers. Thus, I can say I agree with most of author’s ideas as the problem of global warming and greenhouse effect is shaking the world. Poverty rates are increasing, income in developing and undeveloped countries is decreasing. The situation can be hardly called promising. We see the author combines theoretical research with practical application offering recommendations and strategies to respond to environmental challenges. Vogler is very persuasive in defending position that international environmental cooperation is the only possible way to develop solutions to increased poverty, global warming, greenhouse gases emissions, unusual weather patters and stormy events. I agree with the author that international cooperation will positively affect society and will show that something is being done to improve the situation. Even the slightest changes in the world’s temperatures will result in dangerous and abrupt changes in world’s well-being and well-being of every human. Thus, the problem of climate change should be not simply talked about; it should be properly responded and addressed. I think that Vogler’s tendency towards international cooperation is the only effective way to fight global crisis. As far as the crisis is transnational, only global measures should be undertaken to address them. As far as climate change is international, it requires international collective action to make measures driving and effective. In my opinion, climate change management should consider long time horizons, economic risks and uncertainties, possibilities of non-marginal changes, etc. Nowadays it is necessary to consider physical effects of climate change on environment, economics and human health. Different technologies should aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Economic models should be involved to estimate economic effects of climate change and global warming, as well as to assess efficiency of low-carbon economics. Moreover, global warming results in sudden shifts in weather patterns and may lead to consequences which affect water availability and flooding threatening millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions. Fighting climate change is an urgent challenge calling for building collective action. It includes shared understanding and requires promoting leadership and trusting with others in collective work. Clear perspective is needed to stabilize and to stop concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Even collective action will hardly be sufficient to meet the desired goals and objectives. Summing up, collective action is needed to reduce negative effects of climate change. Possible steps are cooperation between countries, shared goals and objectives, cooperation between private and public sectors, etc.

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams: An American View of the Stamp Act Samuel Adams writes a letter to his English friend, John Smith, defending the American’s side of the new imperial taxation and control. He describes the colonists thinking of the act as â€Å"both burdensome and unconstitutional. † They feel as if they are not represented as they should be and that their rights as Englishmen are being taken away from them. He goes on to say that Parliament cannot tax them consistent with the constitution because they are not represented. In 1765 England passed a new law called the Stamp Act.This act was meant to replace the sugar act because that act did not work. It taxed all printed items. England felt that they needed to tax the colonies because the colonies were still a part of England and felt that they needed to help pay for the debt that they were in for the war that they had helped fight for the colonies. Benjamin Franklin proposed that if England was to tax the colonies, then they wanted members in the legislature so they could be one people. However, politicians rejected this idea and called Franklin a radical.England felt like the colonies were already represented enough because they had virtual representation and didn’t need to have geographic representation. England said that geographic representation would cost them too much time and hardly any laws would be passed. In this letter Adams says England is increasing their power and wealth at the colonies expense. He argues against the point that England makes saying that the war was to defend the colonies, saying that England didn’t do it for the colonies, but more for advancing their dominion and glory.Samuel Adams had a bias towards the American side. Originally the audience was his friend John Smith. However, since this letter has been published it is more aimed towards the English because it is refuting their side of the Stamp Act and how they thought of it. Samuel Adams is trying to get his point across that he and the rest of America feel under represented. I think that the meaning of this document is to let people know that there is just more than one side to the different acts that England was passing.There was an English side as well as an American side. The point was to show us the different views of each side, and help us realize that it was more of a misunderstanding rather than England wanting to take all control, and America wanting to break away from England. I think that one of the biggest misconceptions most people get from these different acts that eventually led to the revolution, was that America wanted to separate from England. However, this wasn’t the case. America actually wanted to stay a part of the English Empire.America and England just could never see eye to eye, for example how each of them saw America’s representation. This letter helped me better understand why this all these small acts eventually led up to the American revol ution. It made me realize that a lot of history is bias. Usually people only hear or read about one side of things and don’t really think about listening to the other side. To really understand history and better understand why something happened the way it did, it’s better to study each side of it.